Ta Diploma Course Assignment 4

Teaching Assistant Diploma Course Questions on Assignment Four. Explain the legal responsibilities of the school relating to the duty of care and the welfare of the child. All adults working on behalf of, or alongside children have a responsibility to keep them safe. Key people working in schools have responsibilities laid out in child protection laws. The Children Act 1989 states that the welfare of the child is paramount and sets out to detail what Local Authorities and Courts should do to protect children.A school should designate a Senior Teacher with specific responsibilities for child protection, this teacher should be clear about what children are on the Child Protection Register & the key professionals involved with the family, the boundaries of confidentiality, and their training needs in relation to child protection. They should be clear about their role in offering advice and guidance to other colleagues who are unfamiliar with the child protection process. In small school s the designated teacher is usually the Head Teacher, however no one person should be responsible for more than 250 pupils.Teachers have a duty of care to their students and as they have daily contact with them they are able to observe and detect any signs of abuse, neglect, failure to develop or changing behaviour. If a member of staff has any knowledge or suspicion that a child is, or has been suffering harm they must express their concern to the designated member of staff as soon as possible. All allegations should be taken seriously and the student involved should be informed that the information can’t be kept confidential and must be passed on to the designated member of staff in the school.Staff that receive any allegations of abuse or neglect must make an immediate written record of the conversation including all dates and times of reported incidents, the names of all of the people involved, nature of abuse and if any injuries have been observed. The designated Child P rotection Co-ordinator will then notify Social Services by telephone and then confirm the allegations in writing, which is to be signed and dated by the referrer. The Children Act 2004 sets out the process for providing services to children so that every child is able to achieve the five outcomes described in the Every Child Matters green aper, and all schools should aim to support this new approach to the well-being of children and support them in achieving these goals. The five outcomes of the Every Child Matters approach are to be healthy, stay safe, enjoy and achieve, make positive contributions and finally, to achieve economic well-being. It is very important that support is given to children both at home and school as parents and teachers are the biggest influence in a child’s life.Discuss 5 important school and statutory frameworks that directly impact on the teaching assistants work with pupils. Teaching assistant need to be aware of all school and statutory framework s affecting the content and delivery of the curriculum, child protection, health and safety and any other aspects of school life, especially the frameworks that directly impact on their own work with pupils. The first framework that directly impacts the teaching assistant is the Equal Opportunities framework.The teaching assistant has an important role in ensuring that each pupil has equal access to learning opportunities. Teaching assistants are often hired to help individuals or groups of pupils to provide additional or different support in order to achieve equality of opportunity. On some occasions, under constant supervision from the class teacher, teaching assistants may be asked to work with the whole class so that the class teacher can focus on helping individual pupils who may be finding their work difficult.The second framework a teaching assistant should be aware of is Health, Safety and Hygiene. This is a high priority in any school setting because of the importance of pr otecting any person in that setting, for example the pupils, staff or school visitors. Every school will have policies and procedures that outline the intensions to implement Health and Safety legislations and how to put these into practice. The framework and policies to be followed should be known and understood by all staff and parents.The policies should cover such areas as the role of the Safety Officer, dealing with accidents, accident prevention and food storage. The third framework that has a direct impact for the teaching assistant is confidentiality. Teaching assistants must follow all policies and procedures outlined in the framework when it comes to confidentiality. This requirement covers information on colleagues and pupils and extends to communications with others in work related situations and social situations. The fourth framework is Diversity.Teaching assistants should always demonstrate the values of every pupils personal, racial, or any other characteristics so t hat they can develop a sense of identity and build up their self esteem. It will also promote an understanding and appreciation of different cultures and religious beliefs in all pupils. The fifth and final framework is Supporting Inclusion. Some teaching assistants are employed with certain responsibilities to work with individual pupils whereas others are given more general responsibilities in the classroom.No matter what responsibilities a teaching assistant has, supporting inclusion is a key element. A teaching assistant should aim to facilitate learning and participation to build confidence and self esteem as well as independence so that all pupils are able to fulfil their full potential alongside their classmates. Describe the teaching assistants role in helping to keep the environment for children safe, healthy and hygienic. The teaching assistant has a big role in helping the class teacher to keep the environment for children safe, healthy and hygienic.The teaching assistant should liaise with the class teacher at the start of the lesson to determine what materials or equipment will be needed for the lesson. The teaching assistant would then need to ensure that the work environment is clean and safe and that all of the equipment is also clean and safe for the children to use. The teaching assistant must also make sure that the environment is equipped with a first aid box, fire appliances for example a fire extinguisher, smoke detectors and an alarm, and signs to mark fire escape routes.The teaching assistant should ensure that all pupils that will be working in the environment are clear and understand the procedures and rules to follow in the event of a fire, the teaching assistant should also reiterate what the class teacher has taught the pupils with regards to this. The teaching assistant must also make sure that there are soft surfaces and safety mats for activity play, and ensure that that are all in good, clean condition. It is the teaching assis tants job to make sure that the washing acilities are clean and that there are paper towels, liquid soap and nail brushes available to the children. The teaching assistant also has a responsibility to ensure that all the children wash their hands after activities and also clean their equipment. After the activities are over, it is the job of the teaching assistant to clean the environment making sure that it is clean, safe and hygienic. It is very important that all cleaning products such as disinfectant are kept in safe storage where they cannot fall and cause injury, and where the children cannot access them without the help of a responsible adult.There should also be clean cloths for cleaning the learning environment before and after activities, and these should be cleaned thoroughly after use. By doing these tasks, the teaching assistant is ensuring a safe and happy learning environment for the teacher, pupils and also the teaching assistant. How would you carry out a risk asses sment whilst organising a game of football in the school playground. A risk assessment is a careful examination of what could cause harm or pose a threat to children so that one can judge if enough precautions have been taken to prevent it.Control measures are the procedures used to eliminate or reduce the risk of harm. To carry out a risk assessment the steps taken should be to check for hazards, deciding where improvements are needed and in what areas, developing a plan of action that specifies the actions required, the timescale for action, the person responsible for the action and any funds that may be required. A risk assessment should also ask questions that give a yes or no answer, but should also leave space for any additional comments or plans for improvement.The questions should be devised to outline potential problems with the premises used, the equipment used by staff and pupils and the activities performed by practitioners, volunteers and children. There should also be a risk assessment checklist including things such as security, windows, doors and floors, storage, outdoor area, procedure for adults, hygiene, fire, first aid and medication. To carry out a risk assessment whilst organising a game of football in the school playground the teaching assistant must first check for any hazards in and around the playground, for example holes or uneven surfaces on the layground, broken glass, stones or loose gravel. They must then decide what areas need attention and develop an action plan. The next step is to answer the questions that the risk assessment asks, and make any further comments or observations and concerns. Then comes the checklist, every item that will be used for the football game needs to be inspected to ensure that there are no problems and that they pose no threat to pupils, for example, the football nets must be safe and secure to make sure that no harm will come to the children by using them.Everything on the checklist should be up to the standards set in the health and safety legislation, this includes storage space, heating and lighting, footballs, nets, cones or markers, or any clothing the pupils, teachers or other people involved may have to wear. Once any hazard or potential threat has been identified they must be dealt with and sometimes this will happen in two stages. The first stage is to take immediate action to prevent danger in the short term and the second stage is to take more permanent long term action to prevent it from happening again.Once the risk assessment has been performed and any hazards have been eliminated the football game can take place. What training needs may exist for a teaching assistant and how best might they be identified and met. A teaching assistant is always under the watchful eye of the class teacher and the line manager, who are key elements in determining what level of training needs are needed. The line manager is responsible for all issues concerned with teaching assistan ts including recruitment, induction, deployment, timetabling, professional review, training and performance.The line manager also deals with concerns and day to day issues. Regular meetings should be held between the line manager and teaching assistant to discuss any problems or issues that the teaching assistant may be encountering, and the line manager will also keep the teaching assistant up to date with all school development. Decisions regarding a teaching assistants professional and personal development must be a joint agreement with the line manager. By meeting with the line manager on a regular basis a teaching assistant should learn how to form a realistic judgement of their progress and if any further training is needed.There are many training options available to teaching assistants and by determining how much progress they have made it will determine what level of further training they need. DFES induction course are run by Local Authorities , they run induction programm es as well as additional courses covering a range of issues that are relevant to teaching assistants. Then there is Local Authority run training, most Local Authorities run a range of courses that teaching assistants have the opportunity to sign up for.The next option would be school based training; this is training that happens in a school setting, the school should support a wide range of professional and personal development approaches including in-school training using the expertise available in the school. More in-school training could come in the form of distance learning such as Stonebridge college courses, or practical experience; working voluntarily in a school setting is a way to build up a good knowledge of what to expect in a school setting.Involvement in local and national networks would also be a step towards further training. The final option would be long term training in a college or university studying towards an NVQ or degree. Talking to the line manager will help in determining the best option for the teaching assistant and how to go about finding more information on the chosen option. Discuss the teaching assistants role with regards to the promotion of equal opportunities and diversity. Teaching assistants have an important role in the promotion of diversity and equal opportunities.A written policy for equal opportunities will help to ensure that equal opportunities are given to all children and their families throughout every aspect of the school. To provide a school setting that celebrates diversity and does not discriminate against pupils is to ensure that there are certain practices in place, for example ensuring that parental activities are accessible to all parents and children and that all activities reflect the backgrounds of all the families in the community. The way that adults treat children will have a huge influence on them.To promote equal opportunities and celebrate diversity the school should aim to follow practices such a s avoiding stereotyping. The way adults act can send strong messages to a child about the appropriate ways for them to act. For example, suggesting that it is ok for a boy to do something but not for a girl to do the same sends a negative message to the pupils and can restrict possibilities for future development by limiting their expectations of the roles they can play in life. All children develop misconceptions about various racial and cultural groups from the media and the society that we live in.Therefore the environment that they are brought up in is an important way of helping to overcome stereotyping. Also, by treating every child equally a teaching assistant may have to treat them differently to other pupils so that they can adapt appropriately to meet their individual needs and characteristics. Making sure that children have equal opportunities to learn will help them to get the most out of life. There are also legal requirements relating to equal opportunities and to prev ent discriminatory practice and the expression of prejudice.The laws can prevent frameworks that make certain practices punishable but can’t change people’s attitudes. Children Act 1989 is a good example of a law that actively encourages good anti-racist and anti-discriminatory practice. The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 aims to stop gender discrimination. And then there is The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 which works to stop discrimination against disabled people in employment, and in the provision of goods or services. A teaching assistant is a big role model to children and by promoting these values it should encourage pupils to embrace these values too.

Complete Finance & Accounts Outsourcing Solutions Essay

To professionally manage the collection, flow and direction of critical financial information so that management is able to take informed decisions. Timely and accurate information also empowers the Company to be proactive rather than reactive to trends or situations. Company Profile A leading retail food company, pan India presence, 500 employees, turnover INR 180 million. Challenge In the retail food industry, one of the keys to survival and growth is having timely information on food costs and other line items. Our client’s accounts department was not able to put together this critical information in the desired format even after circulating a standard format among outlets. Further, there were many clerical errors and a lack of understanding about the real purpose of the information sent by the company’s outlets. To make matter worse, the information received from outlets was irregular, making it difficult to deliver the MIS on a target date to the company’s management. Solution Not only did the MIS function take up too much of the CFO’s time and energy, in addition, it consumed the efforts of a dedicated professional, a qualified Chartered Accountant. Management recognized that better information was needed to understand where the strategies in terms of Food Costing were not working. BC was approached and contracted to streamline this function. Before this, BC had not worked with any client in the retail food industry. Implementation First, we conducted a professional due diligence process which took 5 working days to diagnose the real problems. Then, we prepared a short term view on issues to be addressed over the following 3 months. Also, we prepared a long term plan in which larger issues would be addressed over a period of 12 months. In the first stage, the real problem of co-ordination between the outlet personnel and accounts personnel was addressed by simplifying the format. BC undertook to educate them in why the information was required, and how it would improve the overall business. Within 2.5 months, the entire MIS was in place and the system was on the track. Current Status The biggest value addition by BC in the MIS area was its ability to help management to control Food Cost by 5 %. Another direct benefit of the whole process was the establishment of trust and respect between the outlets and the F&A department. We are now in the next phase of designing a system to track some specific cost items on daily basis.

A Comparison between Taylorism and the scientific method Essay

When most people think of Scientific Management, they think of Frederic Winslow Taylor. He led a movement against waste and â€Å"soldiering† which revolutionized the Industrial age. He called his theory â€Å"Scientific Management†, although many who come after debate the appropriateness of the title. It seems more appropriate to call the theory â€Å"Taylorism†, as many do. There are others who have also contributed to the school of Scientific Management, most notably Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, Henry Gantt, and Henry Ford. There are common characteristics of each of these approaches, which create the style of management called Scientific Management. This paper, however, will focus on Taylor and what he called â€Å"Scientific Management†. First, we will look at the scientific method, however, so that an accurate answer to the question â€Å"Is scientific management scientific? † Can be found. Then we will look at the ways in which Scientific Management, as espoused by Taylor, was not scientific. Finally, we will look at the ways in which Scientific Management is related to the scientific community. First, a brief overview of the scientific method. The scientific method can be broken down into five basic steps: 1. Observation, leading to naming of the Problem or Question. 2. Form a Hypothesis (educated guess) which may explain the observations, and make predictions based on the hypothesis. 3. Testing of the Hypothesis to examine if it is true, using proper controls. 4. Check and Interpret the results. 5. Publishing results to be verified by others . Of course, when testing the hypothesis, all relevant test information must be included so that the results can be tested by others. In science, a hypothesis which cannot be dis-proved, becomes a theory. It is the role of science to prove a hypothesis wrong – when a hypothesis can withstand attempts to disprove it, its status as a theory grows until it is accepted as a law. A common example is Newton’s theory of gravity. He observed that objects always fell down to the ground. He formed a hypothesis that there was a force acting on the object to pull it to the earth. He predicted that this force would act equally on all objects. He tested this hypothesis and recorded his results. He published these results for review, and they have been validated time and again by scientists, giving them the status of â€Å"Newton’s LAW of Gravity†. Scientific Management, as seen by Taylor, did not really follow the scientific method. However, it did use scientific tools. This is a careful distinction. Essential in the verification of a scientific hypothesis, there must be testing which can be reproduced by other scientists. This means that the same set of tools for measurement must be available, the same mathematical formulas used, and the same population sample for testing. First, let’s examine the relationship between Taylor and the scientific method. As stated by Taylor himself: The majority of these men believe that the fundamental interests of employes and employers are necessarily antagonistic. Scientific management, on the contrary, has for its very foundation the firm conviction that the true interests of the two are one and the same; that prosperity for the employer cannot exist through a long term of years unless it is accompanied by prosperity for the employee, and vice versa; and that it is possible to give the workman what he most wants high wages and the employer what he wants a low labor cost–for his manufactures. Taylor’s observation is that most people view the fundamental interests of employers and employees as antagonistic. His hypothesis is that this is not the case, in fact, that the goal of the employers for low cost manufacturing and the goal of the employee for high wages are compatible. Already, there is a mistake in his logic, he does not set out a hypothesis to answer the fundamental question – Do employees and management share the same objective? However, Taylor’s real hypothesis (although not stated) is that labor can be performed more efficiently. He sets out to test this hypothesis. His motion and time studies can all be performed by others to validate the results. He used these studies to dramatically improve production and efficiency, however, he had the opposite goal – in fact, the result was so extreme there was an investigation of the practice lead by the United States Congress against claims of de-humanization ! Another scholar notes: â€Å"Nevertheless, the industrial engineer with his stop watch and clip-board, standing over you measuring each little part of the job and one’s movements became a hated figure and lead to much sabotage and group resistance. † In many ways, Scientific Management is very scientific. First, it relies upon measurements and replication of results. Second, it has the same ethical questions as medical sciences. Finally, scientific management as espoused by Taylor has been modified by new hypothesis. A result of measurements and replication of results was the revolutionizing of the labor force from a â€Å"rule-of-thumb† or trial and error process to a demonstrable, formulaic process for the completion of each step in the production process. However, this result brought up the ethical question of humans being viewed as machines. As what is happening in modern times with stem cell research and other human scientific inquiries, the notion of â€Å"man as machine† raised some serious ethical concerns in America. However, this concern also opened the door for competing hypothesis to explain what the relationship is between employer’s goals and employee’s goals and how they can be brought together. The school of Human Relations came from this line of inquiry, exemplified by the results of the Hawthorne Study (which also followed scientific principles in how it was conducted! ). The following contrasts the assumptions of Taylor’s Scientific Management with the results of the Hawthorne study: Traditional Hypothesis (Scientific Management) †¢ people try to satisfy one class of need at work: economic need †¢ no conflict exists between individual and organizational objectives †¢ people act rationally to maximize rewards †¢ we act individually to satisfy individual needs Human relations Hypothesis †¢ organizations are social systems, not just technical economic systems †¢ we are motivated by many needs †¢ we are not always logical †¢ we are interdependent; our behavior is often shaped by the social context. †¢ informal work group is a major factor in determining attitudes and performance of individual workers †¢ management is only one factor affecting behavior; the informal group often has a stronger impact †¢ job roles are more complex than job descriptions would suggest; people act in many ways not covered by job descriptions †¢ there is no automatic correlation between individual and organizational needs †¢ communication channels cover both logical/economic aspects of an organization and feelings of people †¢ teamwork is essential for cooperation and sound technical decisions †¢ leadership should be modified to include concepts of human relations. †¢ job satisfaction will lead to higher job productivity management requires effective social skills, not just technical skills Frederic Taylor introduced great advantages into modern production and efficiency. However, he misrepresented his theory when he called it â€Å"Scientific Management†. It is well understood that he was referring to the techniques he used to create benchmarks and quality procedures for work processes. However, as a general theory, he does not set out to answer the question he claims he is answering: Do management and employees share the same goals? In this way he has misrepresented himself. However, he opened the door to scientific evaluation and inquiry into this own theory. His use of measurements and work-units follows mathematics perfectly and augments a science of human motion. He also shared his theories with his contemporaries, which allowed for discussion of the hypothesis and challenge – even before Congress, much like stem cell research today. Finally, he created a theory which could be challenged by others. Mayo, Barnard, and the Hawthorne Studies all set out to show the differences between what the employers want and what the employees want, and how to reach an equitable solution. Bibliography Net MBA: Business Knowledge Center. Frederic Taylor and Scientific Management, Internet Center for Management and Business Administration, Inc, . Taylor, F. W, The Principles of Scientific Management, Harper & Row, London, 1911 Walker, Michael, The Nature of Scientific Thought, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1963 Wertheim, E. G. Professor, Historical Background of Organizational Behavior, Northeastern University, College of Business Administration, Boston, MA,

Miranda Rights & the U.S. Terrorism Policy Research Paper

Miranda Rights & the U.S. Terrorism Policy - Research Paper Example If you cannot afford a lawyer, one will be provided for you at government expense†1. While the above statements are primarily read out to American criminal suspects before their arrest in order to preserve the quality of their statements, the government has radicalized the use of the statement in order to expedite terrorist investigations and trials of both American and non-American suspects. After the events of September 11th 2001, the American government heightened its security and investigative tactics with the CIA and FBI enjoying more powers in tracking and apprehending suspects. Among the successful terrorist cases against American property, include the Benghazi attack of the US embassy. Additionally, the law enforcers have successfully intercepted a number of planed attacks owing to the increased powers and equipment such law enforcers as the FBI and the CIA enjoy2. The creation of new legislations including the USA PATRIOT Act resulted in the development of effective and efficient tools that would unite and strength America by giving the law enforcers more authority over terrorists3. Coupled with the creation of the department of Homeland security, a unit dedicated to the surveillance and interception of suspected terrorists, the government has successfully improved the security of the country ensuring that every American is currently safer they than they were before the 9/11. However, the increased power the law enforcers enjoy in the line of their duty of monitoring and interjecting possible threats have resulted in possible abuse of human rights. The fact that the law enforcers can follow an individual and carry out investigation without alerting them results in suspects incriminating themselves, a primary abuse of legal rights a feature that requires the review of the use of the Miranda laws on the fight against terrorism. When the law enforcers arrested the Boston marathon bomber, the government issued a notice informing the

Keeping Animals in Captivity is Inherently Wrong Essay - 50

Keeping Animals in Captivity is Inherently Wrong - Essay Example Keeping animals in captivity is not only ethically wrong and cruel but also proves challenging to mimic the exact elements as in the animals’ natural environments.Keeping animals in captivity is unethical because people abuse and exploit them (Bostock 127). Most people who keep animals in captivity use them in many wrong purposes. Scientists and researchers may want to carry out genetic, behavioral, and many other researches. They may also wish to test medicinal or other products. They use the animals they have kept captive to carry out the studies or observe any reaction of test products to the animal. They occasionally do this by forcing samples of substances and products to the animal’s body for instance through injections, feeding, and rubbing. In many cases, the animals end up developing complications from the test samples and even die. The entertainment industry is another area where animals receive many kinds of mistreatment. Animals get tired and disturbed by th e many activities and performances they have to do. As people come to view the animals and their activities, they may disturb their peace. For instance, the men’s children may make noises, give them unsolicited foodstuffs, throw destructive objects at them, and force them to play or perform. The animals thus find it hard to eat, take some rest, or do other biologically important activities in the presence of tourists. The use of animals in exotic pet trade is also another unethical issue. The animals mostly end up having discomforts;Â  pain/tiredness due to changing ownership and the environment, unsuitable handling during the trading, and long distance traveling. Production of fur, blood, milk and other products cannot be left behind since it causes discomfort and pain in the wild animals. The animals may end up developing cold, becoming weak, and unable to feed their young ones.

Work and Non-work Balance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Work and Non-work Balance - Essay Example This work has some special features that are different in nature. Though various people see it from contrasting perspectives the basic background of work is similar to that of others. In work there must be one or more activities in exchange for which the workers who perform the completion of the work deserve monetary compensation. This is easily explained from the economic background. It goes without saying that a person has to take into account his or her valuable time and effort in performing work to serve others’ interest. Non work issues can be explained from different perspectives and among them the social context is the most popular. The social perspective focuses on the leisure activities the workers do or like to do, which are beyond the scope of interest of the business or other obligations (Beauregard, 2006). Thus the work and non-work issues continue to attract strong debate. In order to understand the situation between the work and non-work issues one has to have a good grasp of the issues separately. Work comes in various kinds and dimensions. Williams’s (2007) Typology of Work describes work as paid or unpaid and obligatory or voluntary involvement of person for the economic well-being of society; other writers have put emphasis on the declared work and formal employment (Review Eby et al., 2005). However, the concept of work has greatly evolved over the past few years. People are now viewed as more than a corporate resource. But the present issue which has adversely affected not only individuals but whole communities is the work-life balance and its effect upon every aspect of life. This underscores the urgency of identifying the non-work issues (Arnold et al, 1995). Non-work issues are multifaceted, complex and dispersed, but they are simplistically identified as the concerns external to the direct business activity. Parker (2004) describes the non-work issues as the outer part of the actual work life which is very much connected w ith personal life. The leisure period has been stressed on by some writers, while others have described the various leisure-related dimensions outside the scope of work. Relationship between the work and non-work issues are conventional and quite obtrusive in nature. These two issues frequently overlap each other (Kossel, and Colquittand, 2001). There are various relationships between the work and non-work issues and some of them are easily understood. A recent study shows the spillover cost and benefit, neutrality, opposition and compensation benefits denote some of the specific relationships that may be examined by academic researchers. Several non-work issues that have implications on work-related effects include absenteeism, social expectation, frequent or lengthy travel between the home and the workplace (Parker, 1982). An important non-work issue is the family and personal life complexity as a result of or exacerbated by the stress of the work issues. Concluded spill over is a consistent outcome of work in the contemporary economy. Different employees are coping with strategies driven by contrasting labour processes and labour market positions. More family friendly policies involving long hours and a more permeable work life boundary are promoting the work-life balance. Though the work and non-work issues are different in nature they constantly impact upon each other mutually and drastically (Rain et al, 1991). But work environment enables the workers to learn new skills and to know the unknown which helps them to develop their self identity. Simultaneously, the emotional well-being, work satisfaction, leisure period, and the leeway to choose –

How YouTube Can Affect Media and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

How YouTube Can Affect Media and Society - Essay Example For example, Comedy Central asked the video-sharing company to remove clips of their copyrighted clips such as South Park and The Daily Show with Jon Stewart (Noguchi and Goo). On the other hand, some companies like NBC see YouTube as a powerful promotion tool which can help generate buzz for their shows, at no cost! In the same article, the authors quoted NBC Executive Vice President Rick Cotton when he said, â€Å"This medium is at the cutting edge†¦I think our creative executives feel that ‘The Office’ and ‘Saturday Night Live’ benefit from the significant attention we’ve gotten online† (as quoted in Noguchi and Goo). Yet, Cotton says that in order to use YouTube effectively, one has to know where to draw the line. In line with this statement, Cotton revealed that around 1,000 clips were removed from YouTube in 2006, particularly those which had entire show episodes. In its early years, YouTube’s mechanism for deleting copyrighte d shows allowed it legal immunity but searching the site for TV show episodes is a job allotted to the company owning the copyright. Needless to say, it was a tedious job, and many of the copyrighted video clips were left posted on the site. Today, however, YouTube has the Automated Content ID in place in order to prevent copyright infringements. With this new technology, major US network, movie studio and record label can earn extra income through YouTube’s monetized view feature. From its humble beginning, YouTube has singlehandedly changed the web from static pages to an interactive web eco-system. Thanks to the conscientious development of video sharing technology, YouTube is now an important aspect of advertising. Major corporations such as Nike and Chrysler use YouTube to promote their ad to more audiences. Meanwhile, the Guardian reports that many companies are bypassing the TV networks and are broadcasting their advertisements directly to YouTube (Rosenblum). In the a rticle, the author says â€Å"increasingly, YouTube is the go-to place for video, and it seems some companies have decided to bypass the broadcast first rule entirely†¦It’s a sign that true video (as opposed to repurposed an afterthought) is beginning to enter mainstream thinking† (Rosenblum). As many companies start to produce videos for the web alone, YouTube is becoming a go-to source for almost any kind of information – from entertainment to politics, how-to videos, film animation and many others. The importance of YouTube is so widespread that Mashable expresses three important developments in the media industry: (1) the next TVs will have internet connectivity and it will be able to access YouTube XL, a version optimized for the big screen; (2) YouTube can be easily accessed through mobile phones; (3) the ability to create live video streaming (Ostrow). In his 2009 article, Adam Ostrow hails YouTube as the embodiment of social media since its inceptio n. In his words, â€Å"YouTube is the innovation that touched the most lives, became a driving force for change around the world, and ultimately ends the decade with an opportunity to be as disruptive in the next 10 years as it was in the past four† (Ostrow). Thanks to its embeddable content, videos posted on the site can be viewed on websites and other social networking sites.  

MBA Advertising Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

MBA Advertising Plan - Essay Example While the advertising plan proposes the use of advertising media like television, radio and print media, it also envisages the use of sponsored programs for the promotion of the business in the local area. The advertising plan also presents a detailed account of the media and the contents of the advertising plan that will be used to promote the business of the bank in the chosen location. II. Situation Analysis A. Current Marketing Situation NBK is the largest and most dominant financial institutions functioning in Kuwait. Apart from enjoying the highest credit rating in the Middle East, the bank has a most extensive regional and international network to meet the customer demands. The bank has subsidiaries and representative offices in main international and regional financial centers of the world and has ambitious plans for expansion into other regions where there is no presence of the bank at the moment. The strength of its financial position, the conservative approach to risk management and well diversified and high quality asset base and income sources characterize the bank's fundamentals of growth. Well-recognized and strong franchise, dominant market share, sophistication in technology and stable and capable management team are the additional features that have contributed for the growth of the bank over the period. The products and services being offered by NBK include a host of interest and non-interest bearing accounts, provision of credit cards and associated services, different types of loans to suit the choice of the customers, convenience of online banking and other customer packages suited for different kinds of customers. The bank serves different types of clients like privately-hel companies, public institutions,... In this essay the author describes how development of an advertising plan assures that the marketing dollars spent by an organization is utilized wisely in targeting the right type of audience. In that respect the advertising plan for a bank can be considered as an important tool in achieving the desired growth in the business of the bank. The effectiveness of the advertising by a bank can be improved drastically by a careful planning in advance of the media as well as the contents of the advertisements the bank proposes to use in order to convince new customers to come in and to reward the current customers so that they do not move into the competitors. In this context this paper presents the advertising plan for the National Bank of Kuwait for the promotion of its operations in Fairfax County, Virginia State of United States. While the advertising plan proposes the use of advertising media like television, radio and print media, it also envisages the use of sponsored programs for t he promotion of the business in the local area. The advertising plan also presents a detailed account of the media and the contents of the advertising plan that will be used to promote the business of the bank in the chosen location. Having established the advertising objectives, the next task is to set the advertising budget. The determination of the exact amount that needs to be spent on advertising is more an art than a science. There are a number of factors that influence the setting of the advertising budget.

Visual Communication in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Visual Communication in Business - Essay Example ed institutions like prisons, which serve a broader purpose in the society and hence aught to be guided by humane and ethical considerations, rather then being subjected to purely monetary targets and objectives. The very fact that the private corporations work for purely profit motives renders them incapable of being allowed to run the prisons or any other institution that is basically expected to adhere to welfare objectives and rehabilitation goals, even at the cost of incurring some losses. A realistic comprehension of this complex idea can be facilitated by the usage of various approaches to visual communication like charts and graphs, maps and cartoons and illustrations. It is imperative to understand that there exist primarily two ethical approaches pertaining to the institution of prisons. There is one school of thought that holds that the prisons should have a deterrent effect on the criminals and antisocial elements and hence the prisons should be stringent in their approach towards prisoners, so far as the availability of basic facilities is concerned. There is one another school of thought that is more contemporary and humane in its approach and holds that the prisons are the places that give the criminals a chance to pay their debt to the society. Such thinkers believe that prisoners should not only be provided with the basic amenities and health facilities in the prisons, but must also be extended the opportunity for rehabilitation and assimilation into the public mainstream in the form of vocational courses and counseling facilities. This approach is not only human, but is also in line with the current shift in the public values throughout the world. Now, if the private corporations are allowed to run the prisons, they will certainly desist from extending such facilities to the prisoners as this will not only increase the overall cost of running the prisons, but will diminish the net profit.The main reason for the enhanced interest of the state and the federal governments in the privatization of the prisons is an overcrowding of the government run prisons. This raises the curiosity of any vigilant citizen as to why the private corporations are interested in running the prisons The answer is simple. In the last two decades, running the prisons in the US has become a big industry that has a massive scope for growth and there is no dearth of corporations that are interested in extracting their share of booty in this lucrative business. Infact the gross revenues of the private prison industry exceeded well over $1 billion in the year the year 1997.

Ethic Issues and Impact of People and Government for the Issue of Research Paper

Ethic Issues and Impact of People and Government for the Issue of Texaco and Petroequador - Research Paper Example It also left many open squander pits full of toxic slush that had carcinogenic chemicals such as chromium VI and benzene. For a frightfully long time, these holes have been leakage of toxin into waters in the ground, lands, and small rivers that people of the area have been using this water for domestic use, the people who carried the research said this area was â€Å"Amazon Chernobyl†. Scientific at experiment showed that, Texaco did not harm people or the land, but this was not true this was just trying to show that Texaco was not responsible for the harmful caused to the human beings and the land. A self-governing, court choose a specialist with the help of14 self-governing scientists to uncover the lies, the experiment showed that 60,000 substance case showed that it was enough confirmation by Jonson, the plaintiffs, and other affected with toxic prisoners to the inhabitant health. The effect was said to be of enormous money of Damages $27 billion. Texaco’s performa nce practices were usual for industry. Chevron’s activities in Ecuador destroyed industry mores and lawful norms by approximately in every possible measure. The draining of â€Å"water of configuration† is forbidden in the areas of oil-friendly state, in 1942. In 1939, Texas forbids open-air poisonous waste depths of any type Chevron constructed in Ecuador all through to 1970s and 1980s. The whole oil industry changed from the waste removal process Texaco which are used in Ecuador in the past years which was 1920s. The throwing away of poisonous â€Å"waste water† has massive harmful to human health. The U.S. administration associates hydrocarbon exposure to dangerous disease, which cost a, lot of money to be cured like the immune system impairment, cancer nervous system damage, and reproductive troubles. This are the home of many other diseases to human health one educational research shows that rates of cancer in regions that have Texaco taking place are 130% higher Ecuador’s standard, the court-selected professional in Ecuador, by means of residents and epidemiological sampling, to predict the infectivity in the area where Texaco take place during the production course of cancer death are more than 1,500. It is comprehensible from the specialist confirmation in the experiment that Texaco’s self explanation â€Å"remediation† this was not true it was just ornately choreographed deception. The court specialist showed no difference in the levels of infectivity between areas Texaco said to have remediated, also the places that are left which are not used. Five of their lawyers and four of the Ecuadorian administration servants who were there are to be prosecuted for not telling the truth about the remediation results. Ecuador assessment court had prejudiced not in favor of Chevron, because they have transferred court proceeding from U.S to Ecuador. Centralized court, Chevron provided frequent document showing that Ecuad or’s courts were as trustworthy and sufficient. Once the proofs were directed to Chevron’s responsibility, the corporation began say that the proceedings were not fair because they wanted to rule in the fever. Still Ecuador had afforded Chevron more owing process than any defendant in

Burngreave messenger Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Burngreave messenger - Essay Example This can basically be realised through a number of social media platforms which are popular with many people. The print version of the Burngreave Messenger essentially serves a limited geographical area. However, through the use of the social media, this can greatly be increased through the following ways. Twitter Headlines Feeds The newspaper should create a headline handle for its brand in this popular social platform just like other popular dailies such as The Sun and Telegraph have done. It is imperative to realise that some of the most successful world dailies have a huge following in the social media and such a presence largely accounts for their success. The newspaper can then establish various sections like Arts, Entertainment and Books on their Twitter handle. These sub-channels are normally very popular with the public and will therefore provide proper interaction with the advertisers. In the same way, the Burngreave Messenger can seek to create a series of online events in order to increase its readership online. This can greatly be enhanced if the events are carefully selected from those popular with the public. ... of the contents should be conducted on the big social networks which allow the contents to be easily discovered by millions of people across the world. One important aspect in social media journalism is the need to greatly engage the users by giving commentary and reacting to the comments of the users effectively. It helps to keep the online community much engaged and hence successful to the newspaper. In the same way, it is important for the homepage to easily indicate the link to the social media so that it becomes easy to find. Each page in the newspaper’s website should have the link to the social media sites so that it becomes easy for the people to follow. Many successful world dailies have integrated social media reading capabilities in their websites. For instance, the Washington Post is one such newspaper that a Social Reader which presently has over a million users. Considering that most newspapers are presently resorting to the use of social media, the survival of t he traditional newspapers does not only depend on their participation in this community. On the other hand, smaller community papers such as the Shrewsbury Chronicle are also venturing into the social media as a ways of boosting their performance. Rather, it is about the strategies that are put into place in ensuring that the social media works to the benefit of the newspaper. In this regard, Burngreave Messenger can utilise the best strategies in the social media to ensure its growth. Considering the great amount of real-time news reporting that takes place on Facebook and Twitter, there is much opportunity for Burngreave Messenger to utilise the content usually created in relation to this. This would make the content of the newspapers feel more real-time in addition to providing many

High school Essay Example for Free

High school Essay In the last semester of junior high school, I left home for my study experience in Sydney. Though I initially had a hard time because of language barrier, I later made friends with my interesting enthusiasm and friendliness. Thereafter, I also studied abroad in Canada, an experience that helped expand my general perspectives in life. Here I also faced some unpleasant and embarrassing racial prejudice but my approach with positive view of life won over many as friends. High schools experiences helped me pull through the long and arduous time when I served in the military. The two years and nine months of military service transformed me into an individual with strength, patience, and will power. During grueling training I bit down and became even more involved. The training was usually exhausting, but the feeling of pride do instilled in us a sense of confidence and will power. As our unit was placed along side American troops near the military perimeter, many American officers and soldiers came to visit our unit. One day I was summoned by the battalion commander as an interpreter, and ever since then my area of specialty changed from a counterattack gun to the role of an aide to the battalion commander. Life there was not one for soldiers but for executive ranks in the battalion and was full of hardships for a mere soldier like myself. Again, I developed good relationship with many in the executive ranks with my characteristically enthusiastic personality. I fully utilized my influence to act as a negotiator between the two groups when conflicts arose. I was able to overcome jealousy of fellow soldiersand we laterrelied on each other for mutual relationship. I still fondly look back to the fulfilling memories of how my small help brought back liveliness to our days in the battalion. The cherishment of these memories and the continuation of personal development are made possible by the help of my family, who have always been by my side and have always been my greatest supporters. I strongly believe that my wonderful personality comes from my family. I have been born into the happiest family in the world, and grew under the world’s most outstanding parents. My conservative father taught me the importance of leadership, responsibility, and diligence through daily activities I do in life, and my mother personally showed me endless love. My brother equally gave me an unwavering support, revealing to me those things that are important in my life for consolidation. The memories I have from my past experiences make up my life, and they are the motivation that cheer me to continually forge ahead in life. My family, friends, and even the people that I say hello to whose names I don’t even know are all part of my network and my life. I have thus learned from unforgettable experiences and strongly convinced that a positive viewpoint lends happiness in life. With confidence and pride I look forward to writing

How Does Hydro And Wave Energy Work Environmental Sciences Essay

How Does Hydro And Wave Energy Work Environmental Sciences Essay Energy also known as electricity is an important source of energy use all around the world. Electricity Energy helps do a lot of work such as it gives people light. It warms our bodies and homes. It runs our TVs and our cars. It makes us grow and move and think. Energy is the power to change things. It is the ability to do work. Light is a type of energy we use all the time. We use it so we can see. We get most of our light from the sun. At night people must make there our own light. Usually, we use electricity to make light. In todays world with the help of latest technology energy can be created by using heat from sun, power of wind and the force of falling water or wave. Currently government from all around the world are keen in investing a lot of money in these projects. The projects are met to be environmentally friendly, low in cost, easy to maintain and noise free. Hydro energy system provides energy that normally comes from water force and converts to electricity. Hydro energy can be created by using many ways. In most of the leading countries, the most reliable and cheap common method of generating energy from water are hydroelectric dams, where water comes down through an area that causes turbines to rotate and then energy can be captured to run a generator. Power can also be generated from the energy of tidal forces or wave power, which uses the energy created by waves. 1.2 Technology in different countries Technological advances in the plants and in power transmission make it feasible to build hydroelectric plants in remote locations, far from where the power will be used. The Itaipu Dam on the Paranà ¡ River between Paraguay and Brazil can produce up to 12,600 megawatts of power. This plant, opened in 1982, supplies nearly all Paraguays electricity and one-quarter of that needed for Brazil. Tasik Kenyir (Lake Kenyir) Sultan Mahmud hydroelectric power station in Malaysia has a capacity of 400 megawatts of power. One of the largest hydroelectric projects in the world is Chinas Three Gorges project on the Yangtze River. The dam, designed to control the devastating floods on the river, includes a large hydroelectric plant. With a capacity of 18,200 megawatts, Three Gorges is projected to be able to provide up to one-ninth of Chinas electricity needs. China has also built many small hydroelectric plants for local use around the country. 1.3 Stage of development of Hydro Energy Hydroelectric power grew rapidly after that. In 1886 there were 45 hydroelectric plants in the United States. By 1889, 200 plants were generating electricity by using water for some or all of the power. At the same time, hydroelectric power plants opened around the world. Italy built its first hydroelectric plant in 1885 at Tivoli, in the mountains outside Rome. The plant initially powered lights in the nearby town. But by 1892 a second plant in the same location was providing power to Rome, the first long-distance power transmission in Italy. Other countries with good conditions for hydroelectric power soon built plants. Canada, France, Japan, and Russia were among the first on board. During the period from 1900 to 1950 the use of hydroelectric power increased rapidly. 1.4 Economics and politics involved Hydro energy systems have a big impact economically as the system provides energy to public where they are charged for the serviced. While this process go on capital usually comes in the market where every one gets a portion of the business or makes profit for there business. Politically the system can make a difference for example if there is a natural disaster the government will make a loss. 1.5 Cultural and decision making in different countries Many countries in the world use hydro energy system to create electricity in a lower cost. Currently Canada comes up top of the list for high usage and the United States comes in second. One of the main reasons the following countries took the decision to use hydro energy system the most to produce electricity is because its a renewable energy, which means it will not be depleted over time and it will consistently be replenished. It is also a clean energy source. 1.6 Possible Problems when using Hydro Energy One problem that can happen when using hydro energy is that it sometime can change the natural flow of the water which can make it possible to harm plants and animals in the water. It can also damage areas and wildlife, as when creating a hydro electric dam, areas should be flooded. 1.7 Profitable Hydro Energy system Other reasons that many countries want to use hydro energy is that it is cheaper than using other methods to convert energy to electricity. It is also reliable and can be used almost immediately when turned on to meet the demand for electricity. Therefore, one must weigh the pros and cons before deciding to use hydro energy to supply their demand for electricity. 1.8 Application of Hydro Energy our Major A hydro energy plant can absorbs the energy of falling water to generate electricity then a turbine can converts the energy of falling water into mechanical energy. Then a generator has to convert the mechanical energy into electrical energy.  Hydro plants can be in different size from micro-hydro that power only very few homes. A Dam can raise water level of a river to create falling water.  Also the dam can control the flow of water. The reservoir that is created is will practically stored energy. The force of falling water should push against the turbines blades causing the turbine to turn in one direction. A water turbine is similar to a windmill,  except that the energy is provided in different way, falling water instead of wind. The turbine should convert the kinetic energy of falling water into a mechanical energy. Generator that is connected to the turbine via shafts so  when the turbine turns it makes the generator to rotate also convert the  mechanical energy from the turbine into electric energy. Wave Energy 2.1 Background of wave energy Waves are naturally caused by the wind which blows over the sea level. In many part of the world, the wind blows with different force to provide waves that can be used to produce energy. There is high level energy and force in the ocean waves.  Wave power can devices  and extract energy directly from the surface ocean waves or from pressure fluctuations below the surface. Wave can also be generated wave when earth quack takes place. Wave power  varies widely  in different parts of the world, and wave energy cant be usefull effectively everywhere. Wave-power can be found in different areas of the world include the western coasts of Scotland, northern Canada, southern Africa, Australia, and the  north-western coasts of the United States. 2.2 Technology In the current market technologies and design in wave Energy system has improved tremendously. The industrial wave power station/plant has to use a shoreline chamber, in which seawater comes and goes naturally. As the water come, the air in the chamber is pressurised and forced to go through a hole into the turbine, to make it turn. As the water recedes, the air is goes back, leaving the turbine turning. The turbine then can be connected via a shaft but the new technology is using belt to the generator where energy will be converted into electricity. 2.3 Impact on environment In todays world wave power is considered as environmentally friendly. Most complain usually come from local neighbours as it can be a bit noisy, landscape, or affect of roads leading to the sites. These complains are currently seen as disadvantage. 2.4 Political and Economical Impact Wave energy has made a big impact economically and politically from years. Economically in a way when a project take place it brings capital together which means everyone small business, contracts labourers, shops and many get a portion of the business and earn them profit. Politically it can affect the government if the project does not work because of a natural disaster. 2.5 Application of wave energy Kinetic energy naturally has to be in the wave that moves in the ocean. The energy can be used to power and run a turbine. Following the example in diagram 1 below wave should rise while reaching the chamber. The forces of the rising water actually have to push air out of the chamber. The moving air in red colour shown in the diagram spins the actual turbine which will manually turn the generator. After this process wave down, air flows through the turbine and back into the chamber through doors that are normally closed. Others system actually uses up and down motion of the wave to power piston that moves up and down inside the cylinder. That piston should be able to turn a generator. Tidal Power Wave Energy Diagram 1 Comparison of different energy system Hydro Energy Hydroelectric power has other benefits as well. Dams and hydroelectric plants last a long time. This means that once the costs of building are paid off, a hydroelectric plant becomes a relatively inexpensive source of electricity. Wave Energy Wave energy system is as good as hydro energy. Advantages are it does not disturb public in case there of noise. Disadvantages are it can cause damages in case there are sea storm and also mite be difficult for engineers to do any maintenance. Wind Energy Wind Energy system work nearly the same way wave energy works. Before engineers used to place big turbines in land but now technology has improved same system can be build on sea and works as good as any other system. Conclusion Following the discussion between different kind of energy systems. Energy is a very important factor in todays world. As technology level is rising better energy system is been design and tested. Currently a new energy system has been tested which works under water. The turbine system is fixed on the ground to protect against vibration. The turbine system rotates with the help of sea water pressure. Engineers and government of all the leading countries are investing more energy system because they are pollution free and do not need any expensive fuel.

Reflective Essay on Music Education

Reflective Essay on Music Education Andrew Nguyen My name is Andrew Nguyen, and Im a sophomore at Golden West College. Im 19 years old, and my major is business administration. For my online class experience, this is my second time taking an online course. My first time was on this years intersession, and I took an American Government course, but it was not that easy. There was too much reading to do, and theres not enough time for studying since intersession classes last for 4 weeks. In the end, I earned a good grade for my effort, and Im hoping that Ill do the same for this class. It taught me about how I should manage my time effectively when Im not inside the classroom, and that I shouldnt procrastinate from doing any readings and assignments. To be honest, Im not exactly a music player. Im more of a listener than a player. I played an instrument before, but I wasnt playing a song. When I was little, I remember myself tapping the keyboards on an electronic piano, listening to random notes, but I didnt have a chance to properly l earn how to play an instrument. However, I taught myself how to play the guitar when I was in high school; unfortunately, I was unsuccessful. There was a lot of complicated information to know about playing music, such as chords and melody, and its overwhelming to memorize it all. Also, I couldnt properly play the instrument because I need to know about the parts of the guitar, so I can control playing better. The problem about playing an instrument is that I kept relying on being perfect, and I just give up easy. For now, I just listen to any songs for relaxation, and I noticed how the song works from beginning to end and the hidden rhythms of the song. Because of my lack of knowledge on music, I thought that taking this class would give me a head start to know about music theory. Ive been listening to popular songs for a long time, and I thought that I could apply my basic knowledge on songs to this class, so I can critically listen to how music works. There are two things I would know by the end of the course. The first one is to know how to read sheet music. It was hard to read because there were so many complex patterns on the sheet music, and its not easy for an average musician. If I took this class, maybe theres a section about understanding the melody or other parts of the sheet music, so I can use that knowledge to learn better on playing an instrument. The second one is to know about the music history. I want to know more about how they developed different methods on crafting the song, so I can use examples from my songs to know how it matches their methods. The song that sounds like a binary form would be Somnus, composed by Yoko Shimomura and sung by Aundrea L. Hopkins. It is the theme song from a best-selling video game, Final Fantasy XV. The title is Latin for sleep, and like the title, the lyrics are also Latin. A binary form has two sections, in the form AB or AABB, that each section repeats the melody, and this song happens to fit into this category. At first, the song opens with a piano melody in a minor pitch. Then, the vocalist sang the Latin lyrics, presenting a theme that could be recognized later. In the second stanza, the song repeats the same melody, but the lyrics changed and the violin and cello can be heard as a harmony. The statement for this song tells the story that the world plunged into darkness while the hero is in hibernation. After the second stanza, the variation occurs, changing the tempo to accelerando, which means to speed up. Within the variation, the piano plays solo, accompanied by the violin and cello. T he tempo starts to ritardando, which means slow down, and then it goes back to the fast tempo, introducing the third stanza, which is the departure of the form. The melody sounds different and the range of the songs tone is medium because of its fast tempo. Within the departure, there are some parts being used from the first section of the song. Two lines from the third stanza introduce a new melody, and then the last two lines repeat that melody, changing the lyrics and range. The departure lets us consider ourselves that if theres darkness, theres always a light to shine the way. In the end, the song goes back to its original theme, ending the song in a minor chord, but lasts for about a few seconds. There are many varieties of musical sounds possible from the human voice. One of the varieties is falsetto. Falsetto is the highest register of the human voice. Its been used as a vocal technique to make the voice unnaturally high-pitched. To use falsetto, the singers must control their vocal cords to get a high note. They do that by imitating someone with a higher voice to shorten their vocal cords and then the cords stretch it out, so it would produce a head voice, which is the high register of the voice in speaking or singing. When using this technique, it has limited octave range, which could lead to passaggio, a transition between the vocal registers. Its a difficult technique to control, but famous singers, such as Prince and Michael Jackson, have practiced this technique to sing their songs better. The origin of the term is unknown because of its vagueness to know what that term is. But during the Renaissance period, the term was common in Italy because thats where they named the term. The term Falsetto is Italian for false. This vocal technique is commonly used by male singers, and they have used it during the 16th century when women were restricted from performing, so the men could fill in their roles at church and on stage. Falsetto has been used in different regions, for they have their own style of this technique. For instance, Hawaii has their own falsetto style. Although its part of the U.S, Hawaii still maintained their traditional culture before they annexed to the U.S. Their falsetto music dates back a long time ago when a group of immigrants from different countries brought their music with them, combined with their Hawaiian music that created their falsetto. Their falsetto is called ka leo kiekie. Like the other cultures in the 16th century, women were forbidden to perform while the men sang in high pitch. Whats different from the western use of falsetto is that they would emphasize the tone between the vocal registers. They would also amplif y the tone through repetition. Theyve used this technique to sing stories about their state culture. There may be some female singers used falsetto, but theres barely any proof of that since most male singers have used this technique for a long time. Another variety of music sound from the human voice is yodeling. Yodeling occurs when the singer switch between their voice from normal to a high pitch. When yodel, the singers have control of their voice in the range by switching to different vocal registers, and they timed their yodeling for a few seconds in a high volume. They sang non-lexical syllables to help project their yodeling. The origin of this technique is unknown since theres no evidence indicating when and how it was created; however, historians believed that yodeling occurred in the Alpine mountains in Switzerland. In the Renaissance era, the early yodeling was used by the herders to help communicate their flock of cows, or they used the technique to communicate the villagers from a different village. For the communication on the villages, perhaps yodeling acted as an early development of making long-distance communication before the telephone was invented in the 19th century. Since that discovery in the Alps, it beca me an everlasting tradition in Europe, and then it became popular in the 1830s for entertainment. Other than the Swiss Alps, yodeling is common around different cultures from around the world. For example, Central Africa has used yodeling. An ethnic group called the pygmy people yodeled for their complex polyphonic singing. Another example is the United States. A group of German immigrants first introduced yodeling in the 1800s to the U.S. Yodeling was used for their minstrel shows, consists of skits, acts, dancing, and music, throughout the 19th century. But after the 1900s, yodeling became common when singers use it for their country music. Yodeling has been useful for a long time, for it provides a purpose for letting the people communicate with each other and give different formats to express music also. String: An example of a string instrument is a violin. It is the smallest and high-pitched instrument in the string family. A violin is a carved hollow wooden box, which consists of many parts. The top plate of the violin is the top plate, or the belly, that joins the back plate by the carved sides called the ribs. The neck of the violin is attached to the front side, and that flat wooden strip on top is called the fingerboard. It runs across the neck to the bridge, which is in the middle of the top plate. The four strings are attached to the tailpiece, located on the bottom of the top plate, and then it runs across the bridge and neck to be fastened to four pegs in the pegbox, located at the top of the neck. A scroll is attached on top of the pegbox to make it decorative. Between the bridge are two f-holes. The sound holes were carved to reduce the thickness of the top plate and act as a resonator to strengthen the sounds created by the strings. Finally, located at the bottom of the top plate is the chinrest. It helps the violinist to position their jaw or chin when playing the violin. To play the violin, the player must hold the violin with his left hand and the bow in his right hand. On the violinist left side, the fingers must be on the fingerboard, chin on the chinrest, and the body of the violin resting on the shoulder. Also, the strings must be tuned in the order, G, D, A, and E, from the left to right. When the violin is played, the violinist presses the strings to change the pitch, and he can also shift his left hand up and down to create a high or low set of tones. As for the bow, it is drawn onto the strings, causing the strings to vibrate to produce a high pitch. There are many techniques to play the violin and other bowed instruments, such as double-stopping, playing two strings at the same time to produce a chord, and open strings, without touching the string to produce the lowest note. Ever since the Baroque era, the violin is divided into two se ctions of the orchestra, the first and second. The first violinists play the melody while the second violinists play the harmony (or sometimes melody). Other than the orchestra, they also have the same role of being first and second in the string quartet, which consists two violins, one viola, and one cello. The violin plays a minor role in popular music, but in western culture, they called violin playing, fiddling. A fiddle is a second name for the violin, but its only known to bluegrass and country music. The fiddle and violin have the same shape, but their playing style is different. Fiddling would produce dancing rhythms, along with quick note changes, while the classical violin plays sustained notes. Overall, the most common uses for the violin is in classical music. Woodwind: A flute is an example of a woodwind instrument. Throughout history, the flute was the oldest instrument. They were made of wood, and it came in different forms depending on the culture. But now, most of the flutes constructed is now metal. In the metal version, there are three joints on the flute: the head, middle, and foot. In the head joint, it has a small piece at the end of the joint called the crown, and it keeps the head joint positioned at its usual depth. Near the crown is the embouchure hole, the center of the lip plate, resting place for the lower lip. The next joint is the middle joint, and its an important part of the instrument. The middle joint consists of flute keys. The original flute has open holes that would be covered with fingers; however, the modern flute replaced the original with a complex system of knitted keys and steel. Most modern flutes have closed-hole keys while some have open-hole keys. The closed-hole is common for beginners because it helps learn how to properly hold the flute, but the open-hole is an advanced flute because of its use for making special effects for contemporary music. The last joint of the flute is the foot joint. The foot joint is where the sound produces from the flute; however, the foot joint also has keys. There are two types of foot joint: C and B foot. The B foot joint has three keys while the C foot joint has two. Depending on what foot joint the flute has, it would produce a different tone and register. To play the flute, it must be held horizontally to the right, so the player is in a good stance. Then, the left hand must be in the first half of the middle joint while the right hand is on the second half. Once the flutist is in position, the flutist can blow through the lip plate to produce a soprano voice in a low register. There are no specific chords for the flute, but wherever they press the keys, it can produce a specific octave scale in a flat or sharp note. In the symphony orchestra, it has the minor role in playing the melody frequently because of its timbre being noticed in the orchestra. But the most common uses for the flutes occurs in concert and marching bands. In the concert band, the woodwind instruments are seated in front, like the string instruments in the orchestra. Theres no specific seating chart for the concert band, but the flute or another woodwind instrument can play either the melody or harmony in this ensemble. As for the marching band, the flute produces high-pitched tones for the band, but sometimes they play the melody of their musical piece. Brass: A trumpet is an example of the brass instrument. It produces the highest pitch from the brass family, declaring itself with a brilliant tone color. Like all brass instruments, it has a mouthpiece on the back. The mouthpiece leads a flow of air from the player to the trumpet to produce the sound. Connected to the mouthpiece is the lead pipe. This pipe leads the soundwave around and through the instrument. The next part is the tuning slide. Its in a c-shape, and it slides in and out to adjust tuning the trumpet, so the further its slide out, the lower the tone it would produce. On the tuning slide is the small lever called the water key. Whenever the player blows through the mouthpiece, theres a small amount of moisture coming inside the trumpet. To clear the moisture, they should press the key and then blow the mouthpiece to get the water out. Next is the valve slides. There are three different valve slides, each connected to the valve pistons. Its like the tuning slide, but th e valve slides tune the pitch of each valve pistons. The important feature of the trumpet is the valve pistons. The three pistons move up and down in the valve casings to produce different tones by different combinations of air pressure and finger movements from the player. However, each valve pistons are different, for they lower the tone of the chromatic scale. The fist piston lowers the tone by a half step while the second lowers the tone by a full step. Also, the third piston lowers the tone by a minor third, which is three half steps. At the end of the trumpet is the bell. This part is recognizable because its part of every brass instruments. It amplifies and creates the sound of the trumpet. To play the trumpet, the player must hold on to the valve slides on the left side while the right side is positioning the fingers to the pistons. And then, the player blows through the mouthpiece and uses the valves to start playing. When playing the trumpet, it plays an octave scale depen ding on what valves theyre pressing. The most common uses for trumpet is in classical and jazz ensemble. In an orchestra, the brass instruments are seated behind the string section because of its loud dynamics. For the trumpet, its mostly been used as a harmony to produce a brighter sound for the orchestra and sometimes plays the melody. In jazz music, the trumpet plays the lead role in an ensemble. The trumpet player carries the melody of most jazz songs because of its loud pitch. Along with the trumpet is the trombone that is part of a bass line and a counter melody to the trumpet. Percussion: The cymbals are an example of the percussion instrument. The cymbals are two circular plates, made of different types of alloy. Each cymbal has a leather strap in the middle, so the player can hold the cymbals. Theres no specific example on how to play this instrument. What the player needs to do is struck against another cymbal, creating an indefinite pitch. The cymbals have been used in many ensembles, ranging from orchestra to marching band. In the orchestra, the cymbals play a minor role there, for their role is to surprise the audience for drama and excitement, or its used to emphasize the rhythm. Also, the cymbals have a major role in the marching band. Along with the percussion instruments, theyre responsible for keeping the tempo going. Even when the brass and woodwind instruments are not playing, the percussion instruments keep on playing. The cymbals in the marching band follow the accented rhythms the drums are making, so they would keep the audience surprised. Last Friday, I watched How I Met Your Mother on TV, and I noticed their use of music. The show started with an opening scene, and then move on to the intro, which lasts around 10 seconds. Most of the scenes that I watched doesnt play a lot of music, but I heard some background music playing because of the locations the characters were at, such as bars, restaurants, and house parties. However, I heard some instruments playing when they switch to new scenes. Most of the instruments played at a soft dynamic, and the most common instrument I heard was an acoustic guitar. There are some instruments included, such as piano, violin, and harp. The show ends with credits, and it plays an extended intro song. With those instruments combined, I recognized a pattern for using music. Most of the instruments I heard on the show have been used as tools for storytelling. The show played the guitar and piano to show what the characters are doing right now. Also, they used the two instruments for movi ng ahead in the next days or weeks. It could be fast or short depending on how much tempo is used. But the most important use of the instruments is setting the mood. The characters can conflict with each other, and the instruments played a major or minor chord depending on what emotions theyre feeling right now. It helps attract the viewers to get their attention to see what happens next, and it lets the viewers feel sympathy towards the characters emotion because of the tonality of the scene. There were some minor uses for the instruments. For example, the harp was played to show the characters flashback or imagination of the future because the harps tone is mystical for any strange occurrence to happen in the future. As for the violin, it helps build suspense for the scene. It plays a low pitch, and as the low pitch ends, it plays a high pitch, bringing a surprise to the viewers. In this show, the suspense can affect the characters, but its funny to watch when something minor look s serious to them doesnt look serious to the viewers. As for the commercial breaks, theres so many random music playing. Theres no specific pattern about music playing in the commercials. But I noticed about how they choose their music. Depending on the advertisement, they used music that matches the companies theme to persuade their audience to buy or support the product. For example, I remember seeing a commercial about the charity group. Theyre persuading the audience to support the abused animals. They persuaded me with pictures of pets with sad eyes, and they used a piano music in a minor chord to get us emotionally attached to the pets. Overall, commercials used music to make us believed that the benefits they showed would work on us.

Comparison of Macbeth and Tomorrow, Tomorrow, Tomorrow :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All people have probably considered that immortality would be an extremely joyous experience. William Shakespeare’s play Macbeth, tells of the quality of life and how man exerts it; this is in direct comparison with Tomorrow, Tomorrow and Tomorrow, written by Kurt Vaunnegut. Where as he also writes of the quality of life with the implication of immortality by drinking the miracle drink, Anti-Geresone. The insignificance of man from Shakespeare along with the concept of living forever from Vaunegut, draws the question of why would someone not want to die if life was so worthless. Both authors question the quality of life and as a result they express their concern in their writing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In their work, each express different concepts on the same common scenario; Life not being very pleasant, â€Å" Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow creeps in this petty pace from day to day to the last syllable of recorded time.† Which explains how all the days keep on coming and coming and yet man already is looking ahead to the next. In T&T&T (Tomorrow and Tomorrow and Tomorrow); Everything has been experienced over a Quadrillion times, which has in turn lead to life being predictable and somewhat pointless; just as in Shakespeare. Merely waiting for the next thing to happen as if it already has. The people want to live forever, but why, if Shakespeare’s analysis is correct in saying life is so insignificant, â€Å"Out, out brief candle.† Suggesting that this life is useless and should end. When in contrast in Vaunegut’s story death is the insignificance. Why die if one could live on? Truly William Shakespeare feels that the way man i s living is unacceptable and the man should feel the same or die; â€Å"It’s a tale told by an idiot full of sound and fury signifying nothing.† Rather in Tomorrow and Tomorrow and Tomorrow, the nothing William is speaking of is everything to them. Furniture, possessions, and such are important, but the lack of these provides space, which, in turn is their most precious commodity.

Frank Mccourt Angelas Ashes Essay -- essays research papers

Bednarz-Caraballo Sylwia Essay 6 - â€Å"This is life†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Reading â€Å"Angela’s Ashes† was very emotional. One would not believe how people lived in Ireland some years ago. And I’m sure that wasn’t the only place in the world where people were struggling like that. Frank Mc Court, the oldest child who tried to take care of his brothers the best way he knew, tells the story. He didn’t have an easy life. This poor child tried to do anything for him and his siblings to survive. Looking at people I know and comparing their life to Mc Court’s lives, well I think that most of them wouldn’t even know what to do, how to do it, to survive. My main point: how is it that some people have everything they need to live and others have nothing and still find a way to make things work, not on a high level, but still. How is it possible that Frank McCourt and his brothers survived? In my eyes they went through a lot. How anyone would be able to do it now? I can’t see that happening. I don’t know if I could. Although, I’m sure that there are people living this way. The McCourt family moved from New York to Ireland to look for a better way of living, to forget about their dead children, to try to have a regular life. Well, it didn’t work out. The father of the family was to caught up with drinking, instead of giving the money for the needs of the family, which would be just simple - food. When the father left to England to look for a job and never sent any money to his starving family Frank felt ob... Frank Mccourt "Angelas Ashes" Essay -- essays research papers Bednarz-Caraballo Sylwia Essay 6 - â€Å"This is life†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Reading â€Å"Angela’s Ashes† was very emotional. One would not believe how people lived in Ireland some years ago. And I’m sure that wasn’t the only place in the world where people were struggling like that. Frank Mc Court, the oldest child who tried to take care of his brothers the best way he knew, tells the story. He didn’t have an easy life. This poor child tried to do anything for him and his siblings to survive. Looking at people I know and comparing their life to Mc Court’s lives, well I think that most of them wouldn’t even know what to do, how to do it, to survive. My main point: how is it that some people have everything they need to live and others have nothing and still find a way to make things work, not on a high level, but still. How is it possible that Frank McCourt and his brothers survived? In my eyes they went through a lot. How anyone would be able to do it now? I can’t see that happening. I don’t know if I could. Although, I’m sure that there are people living this way. The McCourt family moved from New York to Ireland to look for a better way of living, to forget about their dead children, to try to have a regular life. Well, it didn’t work out. The father of the family was to caught up with drinking, instead of giving the money for the needs of the family, which would be just simple - food. When the father left to England to look for a job and never sent any money to his starving family Frank felt ob...

Psychology 101

Course Information Fundamentals of Acoustics: Applications in Speech, Hearing and Language Description: This course will provide students with a basic and working knowledge of acoustics and the physics of sound. It will provide the basis for measurement and description of speech stimuli. It will have direct application to Speech, Hearing and Language intervention as well as application into communicative sciences. CSD 221 Student Name __________________ Course Fundamentals of Acoustics Course Code CSD 221 FacultyPhyllis J. Washington College of Education and Human Sciences Faculty Department Communicative Sciences and Disorders Suggested prerequisite None Length of Course One semester Degree Bachelor of Arts Credit 3 credit hours Assessment Tasks Assessment 1 Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Assessment 2 Assignments/Labs/Quizzes Assessment 3 Acoustic Study Prepared by Al Yonovitz, PhD  © University of Montana First published 2010 Contents Introduction UM Mission Statements Welcome About the In structor Class Organization Learning ObjectivesClass Times Class Attendance Policy Private Study Commitments Occupational Health and Safety Learning approaches Classroom Lectures Moodle Study Resources Required Texts Additional Resources Support Services and Resources Student Resources Students with Disabilities Foreign Exchange Students and Scholars Directory of Assistance Study plan/Course Outline Assessment information Overview Delivery and submission Helpful tips for submission of your assessments Extensions and late submission Resubmission University Plagiarism PolicyAssessment and examination rules Special examinations and special consideration Assessment tasks Introduction UM Mission Statements MISSION STATEMENT THE UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA The University of Montana capitalizes on its unique strengths to create knowledge, provide an active learning environment for students, and offer programs and services responsive to the needs of Montanans. The University delivers education an d training on its four campuses and through telecommunications to sites inside and outside of Montana.With public expectations on the rise, the University asks its students, faculty, and staff to do and accomplish even more than they have in the past. The dedication to education for and throughout life reflects the commitment to service learning and community building on and off the campuses. The University enhances its programs through continuous quality review for improvement and remains fully accountable to the citizenry through annual audits and performance evaluations. MISSION STATEMENT THE UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA-MISSOULAThe University of Montana-Missoula pursues academic excellence as indicated by the quality of curriculum and instruction, student performance, and faculty professional accomplishments. The University accomplishes this mission, in part, by providing unique educational experiences through the integration of the liberal arts, graduate study, and professional traini ng with international and interdisciplinary emphases. Through its graduates, the University also seeks to educate competent and humane professionals and informed, ethical, and engaged citizens of local and global communities.Through its programs and the activities of faculty, staff, and students, the University of Montana-Missoula provides basic and applied research, technology transfer, cultural outreach, and service benefiting the local community, region, state, nation and the world. Welcome Welcome to CSD 221 – Fundamentals of Acoustics: Applications in Speech, Hearing and Language Understanding the nature of the speech and acoustic stimulus form the primary bases for your clinical education and your career in speech pathology. As you progress in your program the role of understanding the bases of the sound and acoustics will become evident.It is a great privilege to be your instructor in this inaugural autumn class within the new program in Speech Pathology at the Univers ity of Montana. I have been a practicing audiologist and speech and hearing scientist for many years. I look forward to offering you both the historical speech and hearing perspective and that of current practice. These perspectives will provide you with a basic understanding of the needed vision and available opportunities for Speech Pathologists. Your study will, in turn, help improve diagnosis and service delivery within the practice of Speech Pathology.Acoustics of speech production and the auditory stimulus will provide you with a foundation for your clinical process. It will also offer you the basic skills necessary to assess speech and hearing disorders and to plan intervention programs. This is a course which will enable professional preparation. Through study, your increased knowledge and skills will greatly benefit your future clients. In this course, I believe you will also experience the joy of learning and satisfaction of understanding new concepts and procedures. I wil l do my best to present the material in a clear and understandable manner.Finally, I want you to think that you are here to learn and not here to just ‘earn the grade'. If you concentrate on learning, the grades will take care of themselves. Make sure that you design a reliable study schedule and I guarantee your efforts will be rewarded. I hope to have the chance to meet all of you (including the external students) sometime soon in the near future. Of course, you may contact me at anytime via the information in the announcements. Kind Regards Al Yonovitz, Ph. D. , CCC-A, MAudSA (CCP) Professor Communicative Sciences and Disorders The University of MontanaMissoula, MT 59812-6386 Telephone:   406-243-2408 Fax:   406-243-2362 Email: al. [email  protected] edu Mobile: (406) 241-2364 Postal: Al Yonovitz Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders Curry Health Center, Lower Level University of Montana Missoula, MT 59812 About the Instructor Dr Yonovitz has been active in research issues in abnormal development of central auditory processing abilities in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children. His concentrated interest has been in deaf and hearing-impaired children. He has also published widely in areas of speech and hearing science.He has been the Unit Head for the Ear Health and Education Unit of the Menzies School of Health Research and a Manager for Australian Hearing, a Commonwealth Agency, providing hearing improvement for children and pensioners. He was with Charles Darwin University in Darwin, NT Australia before accepting the position as Chair of the new Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders. Phone: (406) 243-2408 Email: al. [email  protected] edu Mobile: (406) 241-2364 Postal: Al Yonovitz Department of Communicative Sciences and DisordersCurry Health Center, Lower Level University of Montana Missoula, MT 59812 Course Organization The Spring 2012 semester is 16 weeks long, beginning January 23, and ending May 4, with a 1-we ek spring vacation. This class is duplicated as both a face-to-face (F2F) section and an online section. The F2F class meets 2 times each week, 8:10 – 9:30 am Monday and Wednesday in the CSD classroom in the lower level of the Curry Health Center. All lectures and laboratory demonstrations will be uploaded that day. Grading opportunities will be consistent between sections.Any questions regarding the course, any unit, or any assignment should first be posed to the instructor via the discussion board on Moodle called â€Å"Queries†. Before you submit your question, however, please check to be sure your question has not already been answered in that forum. These questions will be addressed within a 24-hour period, M-F. Learners who have signed up for the face-to-face mode should expect to attend every lecture. Learners who have signed up for the online mode are welcome to attend the face-to-face lectures at any time. There are five (5) summative assessments.Summative ass essments include multiple choice tests and a number of assignments. Formative assessments, which are indicative of student progress, will be conducted in class. These formative assessments can be viewed either synchronously or asynchronously by online learners. Formative assessment will include review of multiple choice questions at the end of chapters of the text. You will also notice a discussion board entitled â€Å"Student Lounge. † You may use this board to communicate with your classmates. Course Organization 1. Introduction to wave analysis 2. Standing Waves 3. Resonance . Wave Analysis 5. Speech Production 6. Acoustics of Speech Signals 7. Computing and Measurement Techniques for Acoustics Lectures can be accessed either in real time or asynchronously from the CSD website. (There is a tutorial for website access under ‘Start Here’). Lectures are usually posted to the website the same day. On rare occasions, the lecture is posted the next day. Learning obj ectives This course is divided into areas that will allow the student to gain mastery of the following topics: 1. Describe the acoustic signals in the time and frequency domain 2.Understand how the structures of the speech system are used to produce speech (consonants and vowels). 3. Analyze acoustic and speech signals with both Hardware and Software 4. Utilize their knowledge finding application in clinical matters Any questions regarding the course should be directed to the course instructor, Al yonovitz. Hours and Required Discussion Lectures – 8:10-9:30am Mondays & Wednesdays The class will be live at the times above. Students may access the live classes and all other archived class meetings this semester by going to the Elluminate links posted to the Calendar of Moodle.The PowerPoint presentations, discussion board, etc. will be available via Moodle. For UMOnline students it is not necessary to view live classrooms, but you must watch the archived class sessions. Attenda nce will be taken for students attending class. In class discussion for internally registered students and discussion board submission for UMOnline students will be recorded. Study Commitments You should expect to spend 8 to 12 hours per week on this course. This time should be spent completing the required reading for this course, reflecting on your reading, completing the weekly activities and preparing your assignments.Occupational Health and Safety There are no out of the ordinary risks associated with this unit. General Content overview 1 Introduction to wave analysis Mathematics and calculating systems Types of Waves Wave Shapes Propagation Velocity and Medium Velocity Sinusoidal Waves: More Terminology Oscillating Systems and Sinusoidal Waves Application of the Concept of Waves to Sound Relationship Among v, f and[pic] Wave Velocity and Properties of the Medium Elastic Properties of Air Reflection and Transmission of Waves Interference and Superposition 2. Standing Waves Long itudinal Displacement WavesNormal Modes for an Air Column Closed at Both Ends Normal Modes for an Air Column Open at Both Ends Normal Modes for an Air Column With One End Open a and One End Closed 3. Resonance Resonance in Mechanical Systems Resonance in the Speech Production System Resonance in the Outer and Middle Ear 4. Wave Analysis Wavefronts Wavefronts and Space Interference Diffraction of Wave Phase of a Wave Complex Wave Forms Complex Traveling Waves Complex Standing Waves Beats Sound Quality Non-Repetitive Sounds 5. Speech Production Vocal Organs Vocal Fold Vibration Acoustic Properties of the Vocal Tract Sound Spectrographs . Acoustics of Speech Signals Vowels Consonants Glide and Liquid Consonants Nasal Consonants Fricative Consonants Stop Consonants Coarticulation 7. Computing and Measurement Techniques for Speech Analysis Sound Spectroscopy Fourier Analysis Learning approaches Moodle Moodle is the University of Montana’s on-line learning system. It is critically important that you maintain an accurate e-mail address with the University of Montana. In this unit, Moodle will be used to: Provide important announcements regarding your course †¢ Provide discussion questions and responses †¢ Provide assessment documentsCSD 221– Fundamentals of acoustics relies significantly on Moodle participation. The Discussion Board is the mode of communication which allows for face-to-face and online learners to share. Postings should be succinct, yet comprehensive (about one paragraph). In addition to your posting, you must reply to at least one other learner’s posting in, again, a succinct, yet comprehensive posting. The instructor facilitates the discussions, carefully monitors the Discussion Board, and provides considered responses. These responses are usually provided after the particular Discussion Board question has closed for the week.Learners are encouraged to use the Discussion Board for ‘Questions to the Instructorâ₠¬â„¢. Postings will be viewed daily and instructor responses will be offered daily. Netiquette expectations are expected on any online submission. For the Core Rules of Netiquette, please visit http://www. albion. com/netiquette/corerules. html. In addition, the instructor expects formal rules of standard American English language to be followed in the Discussion Board. Informal, non-standard English language approaches are not acceptable. You will need to connect to the Internet to access Moodle, at: http://umonline. umt. edu/ Conceptual FrameworkThis course provides a learning community that a) integrates ideas, b) encourages cooperative endeavors, and c) respects diversity and individual worth. These concepts are illustrated through the following activities:   a) by understanding acoustics you will be able to appreciate the linkage between this course and other CSD courses, you will have an understanding of the nature of the conversational element; b) you will also participate in laboratories designed to mutually assist each other, and c) you will be challenged to combine both the science and mathematical nature of speech with some reference to various dialectical patterns. )  Ã‚  Ã‚  Integration of Ideas:   Members of a learning community look beyond the traditionally subject-oriented curriculum and think about the interrelationships among and between subject areas. They work with a variety of fields of study and search for unifying themes that cross disciplinary lines. There is an emphasis on explaining realities and bringing differing kinds of knowledge to bear on dealing with actual problems. b)  Ã‚  Cooperative Endeavors:   In a learning community knowing and learning are viewed as communal acts, and members are encouraged to assist each other o learn and grow. There is a commitment to engage all learners cognitively and emotionally in acquiring knowledge that is personally meaningful. In the process members create a cohesiveness that encoura ges personal responsibility and commitment to the group and its goals. c)  Ã‚   Respect for Diversity and Individual Worth:   A learning community embraces diversity with respect to ideas, abilities, viewpoints, experiences, learning styles, cultural backgrounds. Diversity is valued because of the inherent worth of each individual who brings his or her strengths to the community.The ethics of caring and mutual respect are viewed as essential for supportive learning environments that enhance each member’s self-esteem and foster risk-taking, creative conflict, and excellence. Study resources Required text: Required texts: INTRODUCTION TO SOUND, Acoustics for the Hearing and Speech Sciences. Charles E. Speaks, Singular Publishing, 1999. Several additional readings will be assigned throughout the semester. These may include journal articles, chapters from books other than your textbook, and other related materials. Support services and resources UM Academic Honesty PolicyThe student Conduct Code, embodying the ideals of academic honesty, integrity, human rights, and responsible citizenship, governs all student conduct at The University of Montana-Missoula. You are expected to adhere to this code: (http://liffe. umt. edu/SA/documents/fromWeb/StudentConductCode1. pdf). Student Resources Two tutoring programs are available to students, one administered by the TRiO and the other by the Undergraduate Advising Center; both are located in Corbin Hall. More information on TRiO, visit TRiO at Lommasson Center 154, call 406-243-5032, or log on to www. mt. edu/eop. The Undergraduate Advising Center is located in the Lommasson Center 269, or you can visit www. umt. edu/ucoll/. The Writing Center is available to help you improve your writing skills. Writing instructors are available to help you plan and develop your thoughts. For more information, visit them online at: http://www. umt. edu/writingcenter/, email [email  protected] umt. edu or call (406) 243-2266. S tudents with Disabilities Students with disabilities are encouraged to plan ahead and can contact Disability Services for Students (DSS).For additional information, contact DSS Director Jim Marks, Lommasson Center 154 or (406) 243-2243 (Voice/Text) or jim. [email  protected] edu. Please visit http://www. umt. edu/dss/ to find details about the available services. Foreign Exchange Students and Scholars The office of Foreign Student and Scholar Services (FSSS) is available for general counselling and provides direct support services, consultation, and liaison. Staff members at FSSS are available to help with academic advising, cultural adjustment, financial problems, and other issues.The FSSS office is in the Lommasson Center, Room 219. For more information, contact [email  protected] edu or visit http://ordway. umt. edu/sa/fsss/. |DIRECTORY OF ASSISTANCE | |Concern |Contact |Contact details | |Matters concerning the course |Instructor – Al Yonovitz |al. [email  protected ] edu | |General academic issues relating to |Department Chair – Al Yonovitz |al. [email  protected] edu | |your course | | | |Moodle difficulties |UM Online Tech Support Desk |Ph: (406) 243-4999 or (866) 225-1641 (toll free) | | | |E-mail: [email  protected] edu | | | |Website: http://umt. du/xls/techsupport | |Difficulties accessing your Student |IT Helpdesk |Ph: (406) 243-4357 | |Computer account | | | |Technical difficulties in PC Labs | | | |Library enquiries |UM Library |Ph: (406) 243-6866 | |Help with library databases, Internet| | | |searching and Reference queries | | | |Purchasing of text books and |UM Bookstore |Ph: (406) 243-1234 | |stationery | |Fax: (406) 243-2001 | | | |email: [email  protected] com | | | |website: http://www. umtbookstore. om | | | |University of Montana Bookstore | | | |University Center, 1st & 2nd Floor | | | |5 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59801 | |General administration enquiries |Registrar |Ph: (406) 243-2995 | |e. g. admissions/ enro lments, course | | | |information, graduation | | | Class Schedule Week |Lecture Topic |Readings |Assessments | | | | |& Labs | |Week 1 |The Nature of Sound Waves |Chapter 1 | | |1/23/11 | |The Speech Chain, Chapters 1 | | |Week 2 |The Nature of Sound Waves |Chapter 1 | | |1/30/11 | | | | |Week 3 |Simple Harmonic Motion |Chapter 2 | | |2/6/11 | | | | |Week 4 |Simple Harmonic Motion |Chapter 2 | | |2/13/11 | | | | |Week 5 |Logarithms and Antilogarithms |Chapter 3 |Exam 1 (20%) | |2/20/11 | | | | |No Class on 2/20/11 | | | | |Week 6 |Logarithms and Antilogarithms |Chapter 3 | | |2/27/11 | | | | |Week 7 |Sound Intensity and Sound Pressure: The |Chapter 4 | | |3/5/11 |Decibel | | |Week 8 |Sound Intensity and Sound Pressure: The |Chapter 4 | | |3/12/11 |Decibel | | | |Week 9 |Complex Waves |Chapter 5 | | |3/19/11 | | | | |Week 10 |Complex Waves |Chapter 5 |Exam 2 (20%) | |3/26/11 | | | | |Week 11 |Spring Break | | | |4/2/11 | | | | |Week 12 |Resonance and Filtering |Chapter 6 | | |4/9/11 | | | | |Week 13 |Resonance and Filtering |Chapter 6 | | |4/16/11 | | | | |Week 14 |Distortion |Chapter 7 | | |4/23/11 |Sound Transmission |Chapter 8 | | |Week 15 |Summation and Revision | | | |4/30/11 | | | | |Final Exam | | |Exam 3 (20%) | |5/7/11 | | | | Topical Description of Course Material Assessment Information 5 Assessment items are required. All assessment tasks must be completed for you to obtain a pass in this course. I would expect a significant commitment on your part to achieve a deep and effective understanding of topics in this course. I would therefore expect a high commitment to learning. Note: unless stated otherwise, the due date for an assessment refers to the date by which the assessment must be received by the Instructor. Assessments for CSD 221 – Fundamentals of Acoustics Assessment |Focus |Percent Value |Length |Due date | |item | | | | | |Assessment 1 |Test 1 |20% |50 M/C Questions |Week 5 | |Assessment 2 |Test 2 |20% |50 M/C Questions |Week 10 | |A ssessment 3 |Test 3 |20% |50 M/C Questions |Week 16 | |Assessment 4 |Submission of Acoustic Study |20% |4-6 Pages |Week 14 | |Assessment 5 |Assignments/Labs/Quizzes (10) |20% |TBA |Throughout Semester | Descriptions of Assessments Three tests (20% each test) Test 1 (20%) Available from Monday, February 23–Sunday, February 26 Test 1 must be submitted electronically by 11:55pm Sunday, February 26 2-hour timed test Multiple choice & true/false Test 2 (20%) Available from Monday, March 29 – Sunday, April 1 Test 2 must be submitted electronically by 11:55pm Sunday, April 1 2-hour timed test Multiple choice & true/false Test 3 (20%) Available from Wednesday, May 7 – Thursday, May 10Test 3 must be submitted electronically by 11:55pm Thursday, May 10 2-hour timed test Multiple choice & true/false Assignments/Labs/Quizzes (20%) There will be ten assignments/quizzes during the semester. Each assignment/quiz will be discussed in class demonstrated in class and a teaching a ssistant will be available for individual help. Separate descriptive hand-outs will be available for each lab. Acoustic Study (20%) The acoustic study will be a project that you will be able to accomplish. The project should not relate to speech but should consider the analysis of an interesting acoustic event. A separate handout will be available. *Note – Tests are electronically marked and are automatically submitted to Gradebook.After taking a test, your mark will be immediately available; however, your test will only be made available for you to view after the closing date of the test. Delivery and submission of Assessments Note: The three tests are electronically marked by Gradebook. You are expected to keep your own copy of the assignments. On the PowerPoint assignment, please attach an introductory slide with the following details: Your name and student number Course code, title and date submitted Helpful tips for submission of your Assessments There are several ways t hat you can assist with the efficient processing and return of your assessments. †¢ Turn in your assessments on time. Additional time will not be readily offered.Extensions and late submission Note: Apply for extensions before the due date. You must apply for extensions at least 2 university business days before the due date. All extension requests must be in writing to the Instructor. If you do not follow these procedures and have an extension formally approved, your assessment will be considered late if it arrives after the due date. Extenuating circumstances do arise from time to time such as illness or a family crisis. In such circumstances, you are required to contact your tutor to discuss your options. Poor time management is not considered an extenuating circumstance and is not grounds for an extension.Normally work commitments will not be sufficient grounds for an extension. Resubmission In this course, you cannot resubmit your work for reassessment. Plagiarism Policy P lagiarism is the presentation of the work of another without acknowledgement. As defined by the University of Montana’s Student Conduct Code, plagiarism is â€Å"Representing another person's words, ideas, data, or materials as one's own. † Staff and students may use information and ideas expressed by others, but this use must be identified by appropriate referencing. Students who plagiarize may fail the course and may be remanded to Academic Court for a possible suspension or expulsion from the University.More information regarding student policy, academic misconduct, and plagiarism can be found at: http://www. umt. edu/catalog/policy_procedure. htm Assignment and examination rules Exams will involve multiple choice and true/false questions. They will cover the material provided both in the lectures and in the assigned readings. Exams/tests must be submitted by the assigned date. If you do not submit a test by the assigned date, you will not receive credit for the tes t, unless arrangements are made with the instructor in advance. Test 1 (20%) Test 2 (20%) Test 3 (20%) Assignments/Labs/Quizzes (20%) Acoustic Study (20%) Applying the university assessment grading to Assessments A | | | |Demonstrates imagination, originality or flair, based on proficiency in all learning outcomes of the unit; | |(90. 0-100) |work is interesting or surprisingly exciting, challenging, well read or scholarly. | | | | | |-For this assessment an A response answers all the set questions in a very informed, applied, cogent manner. | |B | | | |Demonstrates awareness and understanding of deeper and less obvious aspects of the unit, such as ability to | |(80. 0-89. ) |identify and debate critical issues or problems, ability to solve non-routine problems, ability to adapt and| | |apply ideas to new situations, and ability to evaluate new ideas. | | | | | |-For this assessment a B response answers all the set questions in an informed manner and applied manner. | |C | | | |Demo nstrates ability to use and apply fundamental concepts and skills of the unit, going beyond mere | |(70. 0-79. ) |replication of content knowledge or skill to show understanding of key ideas, awareness of their relevance, | | |some use of analytical skills, and some originality or insight. | | | | | |-For this assessment a C response answers all questions correctly. There is a basic application of ideas. | |D | | | |Satisfies all of the basic learning requirements of the unit, such as knowledge of fundamental concepts and | |(60. 0-69. ) |performance of basic skills; demonstrates satisfactory, adequate, competent, or capable achievement of the | | |objectives of the unit. | | | | | |-For this assessment a D response answers most the questions correctly. Theses answers cover only the | | |fundamentals and lack application. | |F | | |(59. 9 and below) |Fails to satisfy some of the basic requirements of the assessment task. | ———————â₠¬â€œ [pic] [pic] [pic] Psychology 101 We all come in different shapes and sizes. We all have strengths and weaknesses. What is right for one person may not be right for another. How we feel, think, behave and react in different situations are shaped from when we are born throughout the rest of our lives. Our environment influences our personality, our experiences from when we first walk to the last day we breathe. There are a number of psychologists who support that individuals environment is the key aspect to influencing personality. Sigmund Freud believed that our childhood experiences are what influence our personality as an adult.The nurture theory proposes that environment is what influences each individual and determines their personality. B. F. Skinner and John Watson both suggest that personality is a result of interaction between the individual and the environment. The case study of â€Å"Genie, the wild child† comes to show how much we require all of the environmental factors in Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs to live a healthy and standard life. Sigmund Freud (1856- 1939) believed that the psychosexual stages affect your personality and your experiences as you grow up influence your personality as an adult.Each of Freud’s five stages determines certain characteristics in our personality as we become adults (see appendix 2 for details on stages). It was developed from patients' recollections, dreams and free associations. He â€Å"asserted that sexual instinct was the most important influence on personality. † (WiseGEEK, 2011). The oral stage develops a sense of trust and comfort. The next period, the anal stage, increases accomplishment and independence. The differences between males and females are developed throughout the phallic stage, as the individual wants to possess the opposite sex parent and has the desire to replace the same gender parent.The latent period is important in the improvement of social and communication skills and self confidence. The individ ual will develop a strong sexual interest in the opposite sex throughout the last stage, the genital stage. â€Å"Fixation gives each problem at each stage a long-term effect in terms of our personality or character. †(Boeree, George. 1997) This means that if difficulty occurs in the stages, it can affect your personality, such as independence can transform to becoming dependant on others. Everything you become is determined by your first few years.The adult is exclusively determined by the child's experiences, because whatever actions occur in adulthood is based on an outline laid down in the earliest years of life. Personality comes from adaptive patterns associated to an individual’s specific environment. Nature versus nurture is a debate upon the importance of an individual’s inborn qualities against personal experiences in influencing or causing individual’s personality and traits. Nurture is the influences on development occurring ‘from prenat al, parental, extended family and peer experiences, extending to influences such as media, marketing and socio-economic status. (Answers, 2011). Nature is the genetic predispositions that determine how people behave. It provides us with inborn abilities and traits. A case study that supports the influence of nurture is John B. Watsons and his partner, Rayners, experiment on ‘Little Albert’. This case study conveys that Little Albert did not display any fear towards the white rat or anything furry, until associating the rat with the load noise. This event produced Little Albert’s fear of furry objects and demonstrates that experiences play a large role in developing our personality and particularly our traits.If environment didn't play a part in shaping an individual's personality, then identical twins should, supposedly, be exactly the same. â€Å"Although identical twins are genetically identical and share the same family environment, identical twins raised tog ether do not have identical personalities. These differences must then be explained entirely by non-shared environmental effects. † (Haimowitz, Avi. 2005) It is evident through the case study of ‘Little Albert’ and the quote above, that people think and behave in certain ways because they are taught to do so. B. F.Skinner (1904 -1990) proved that human behavior could be conditioned and individuals condition their behavior accordingly to each role and responsibility they undertake. You may find yourself juggling different roles as a parent, child, husband or wife, sibling, worker, and friend. The way we act and react in different positions and situations has been formed by our environment and how we have been taught to respond through our experiences. The ‘Skinner box’ is an example of operate conditioning (see appendix 1 for image of the Skinner box). It is an experiment, created by B.F. Skinner to demonstrate a behavior followed by a reinforcing stim ulus, which results in an increased likelihood of that behavior occurring in the future. B. F. Skinner placed a rat in the Skinner box. The rat pressed the response lever, releasing a food pellet into the food dispenser. It was not trying to do anything when it first touched the lever, but once the rat learned how to release the food, it began repeating the process. â€Å"The behavior is followed by a consequence, and the nature of the consequence modifies the organism’s tendency to repeat the behavior in the future. (Boeree, George. 1997). As you learn from your experiences and environment, you condition yourself in response to it. Skinner suggests that psychologists focus on observables, that is, the environment and our behavior in it. â€Å"Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select†¦ regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations and race of his ancestors. †- John Watson.This well known behaviorist, John Watson, conveys that no matter what the individual’s nature is, the environment and experiences in one’s life can condition the individual and shape their personality. Genie, a thirteen year old girl, was found on the 4th of November in 1970. She had suffered severe sensory and social deprivation as a result of being locked in her room, completely isolated, for almost her entire life. She was haunted by her traumatic upbringing and trapped by memories of her suffering. Her father, Clark Wiley, turned his back on the world after his mother had been killed by a hit and run driver.The result of his lose was taken out on his family. Genie was particularly targeted by her father, after he was told she may have a slow development. This case study expresses how important parenting is on a child’s personality. The lack of interaction and speech f rom Genie resulted in having no language or cognitive ability. â€Å"The left part of the cerebral cortex in Genie’s brain, which is responsible for speech and language, has not received the stimulation required for normal development† (ExtraOrdinaryChildren, 2008)(See appendix 4 for image).This lack of development has left her speech centres irreparably damaged. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs show that Genie did not meet any of the levels of need (see appendix 3 for Maslow’s hierarchy of need’s pyramid). According to this theory â€Å"they are the literal requirements for human survival. If these requirements are not met, the human body simply cannot continue to function†. (Wikipedia, 2011) She had the physical development of a 7-year old due to her prolonged malnutrition. Genie had a poor quality diet consisting of milk, oatmeal and sometimes an egg. The house was completely dark, all the blinds were drawn and there were no toys, no clothes, nothing to indicate that a child of any age had lived there†. (ExtraOrdinaryChildren, 2008)These experiences of Genie’s entire life, comes to show how much each individual needs their environment and the result of not having nurture in one’s life. Bibliography A2zpsychology, 2006, Freud's Psychosexual Theory. Viewed March 16, 2011, http://www. a2zpsychology. com/great_psychologists/freud_psychosexual_thoery. htm About, 2011, Personality Psychology.Viewed March 21, 2011, http://psychology. about. com/od/personalitydevelopment/Personality_Psychology. htm Answers, 2011, Nature or Nurture. Viewed March 4, 2011, http://wiki. answers. com/Q/What_influences_personality_more_nature_or_nurture#ixzz1HIvrEH1D Boeree, George. 1997, Sigmund Freud. Viewed March 13, 2011, http://webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/freud. html. Boeree, George. 1998, B. F. Skinner. Viewed March 12, 2011, http://webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/skinner. html Changingminds, 2011, Freud’s Psychosexual Stage Theory.Viewed March 15, 2011, http://changingminds. org/explanations/learning/freud_stage. htm Dr. Westrope. 2010, Personality. ViewedMarch 18, 2011, http://answers. yahoo. com/question/index? qid=20091119000820AALKEuL ExtraOrdinaryChildren, 2008, Genie Wiley. Viewed March 13, 2011, http://www. mymultiplesclerosis. co. uk/misc/wild-child. html Haimowitz, Avi. 2005, Heredity vs. environment. Viewed March 21, 2011, http://www. personalityresearch. org/papers/haimowitz. html Powell, Kimberly. 2011, nature vs nurture.Viewed March 22, 2011, http://genealogy. about. com/cs/geneticgenealogy/a/nature_nurture. htm Stennes Barbara (2009), How Different Roles Influence Your Personality. Viewed March 14, 2011, http://www. resourcesunlimited. com/How_Different_Roles_Influence_Your_Personality. asp Wikipedia, 2011, Personality Psychology. Viewed March 21, 2011, http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Personality_psychology#Trait_theories Wikipedia, 2011, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Viewed March 1 4, 2011, http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File:Maslow%27s_Hierarchy_of_Needs. svg Psychology 101 We all come in different shapes and sizes. We all have strengths and weaknesses. What is right for one person may not be right for another. How we feel, think, behave and react in different situations are shaped from when we are born throughout the rest of our lives. Our environment influences our personality, our experiences from when we first walk to the last day we breathe. There are a number of psychologists who support that individuals environment is the key aspect to influencing personality. Sigmund Freud believed that our childhood experiences are what influence our personality as an adult.The nurture theory proposes that environment is what influences each individual and determines their personality. B. F. Skinner and John Watson both suggest that personality is a result of interaction between the individual and the environment. The case study of â€Å"Genie, the wild child† comes to show how much we require all of the environmental factors in Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs to live a healthy and standard life. Sigmund Freud (1856- 1939) believed that the psychosexual stages affect your personality and your experiences as you grow up influence your personality as an adult.Each of Freud’s five stages determines certain characteristics in our personality as we become adults (see appendix 2 for details on stages). It was developed from patients' recollections, dreams and free associations. He â€Å"asserted that sexual instinct was the most important influence on personality. † (WiseGEEK, 2011). The oral stage develops a sense of trust and comfort. The next period, the anal stage, increases accomplishment and independence. The differences between males and females are developed throughout the phallic stage, as the individual wants to possess the opposite sex parent and has the desire to replace the same gender parent.The latent period is important in the improvement of social and communication skills and self confidence. The individ ual will develop a strong sexual interest in the opposite sex throughout the last stage, the genital stage. â€Å"Fixation gives each problem at each stage a long-term effect in terms of our personality or character. †(Boeree, George. 1997) This means that if difficulty occurs in the stages, it can affect your personality, such as independence can transform to becoming dependant on others. Everything you become is determined by your first few years.The adult is exclusively determined by the child's experiences, because whatever actions occur in adulthood is based on an outline laid down in the earliest years of life. Personality comes from adaptive patterns associated to an individual’s specific environment. Nature versus nurture is a debate upon the importance of an individual’s inborn qualities against personal experiences in influencing or causing individual’s personality and traits. Nurture is the influences on development occurring ‘from prenat al, parental, extended family and peer experiences, extending to influences such as media, marketing and socio-economic status. (Answers, 2011). Nature is the genetic predispositions that determine how people behave. It provides us with inborn abilities and traits. A case study that supports the influence of nurture is John B. Watsons and his partner, Rayners, experiment on ‘Little Albert’. This case study conveys that Little Albert did not display any fear towards the white rat or anything furry, until associating the rat with the load noise. This event produced Little Albert’s fear of furry objects and demonstrates that experiences play a large role in developing our personality and particularly our traits.If environment didn't play a part in shaping an individual's personality, then identical twins should, supposedly, be exactly the same. â€Å"Although identical twins are genetically identical and share the same family environment, identical twins raised tog ether do not have identical personalities. These differences must then be explained entirely by non-shared environmental effects. † (Haimowitz, Avi. 2005) It is evident through the case study of ‘Little Albert’ and the quote above, that people think and behave in certain ways because they are taught to do so. B. F.Skinner (1904 -1990) proved that human behavior could be conditioned and individuals condition their behavior accordingly to each role and responsibility they undertake. You may find yourself juggling different roles as a parent, child, husband or wife, sibling, worker, and friend. The way we act and react in different positions and situations has been formed by our environment and how we have been taught to respond through our experiences. The ‘Skinner box’ is an example of operate conditioning (see appendix 1 for image of the Skinner box). It is an experiment, created by B.F. Skinner to demonstrate a behavior followed by a reinforcing stim ulus, which results in an increased likelihood of that behavior occurring in the future. B. F. Skinner placed a rat in the Skinner box. The rat pressed the response lever, releasing a food pellet into the food dispenser. It was not trying to do anything when it first touched the lever, but once the rat learned how to release the food, it began repeating the process. â€Å"The behavior is followed by a consequence, and the nature of the consequence modifies the organism’s tendency to repeat the behavior in the future. (Boeree, George. 1997). As you learn from your experiences and environment, you condition yourself in response to it. Skinner suggests that psychologists focus on observables, that is, the environment and our behavior in it. â€Å"Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select†¦ regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations and race of his ancestors. †- John Watson.This well known behaviorist, John Watson, conveys that no matter what the individual’s nature is, the environment and experiences in one’s life can condition the individual and shape their personality. Genie, a thirteen year old girl, was found on the 4th of November in 1970. She had suffered severe sensory and social deprivation as a result of being locked in her room, completely isolated, for almost her entire life. She was haunted by her traumatic upbringing and trapped by memories of her suffering. Her father, Clark Wiley, turned his back on the world after his mother had been killed by a hit and run driver.The result of his lose was taken out on his family. Genie was particularly targeted by her father, after he was told she may have a slow development. This case study expresses how important parenting is on a child’s personality. The lack of interaction and speech f rom Genie resulted in having no language or cognitive ability. â€Å"The left part of the cerebral cortex in Genie’s brain, which is responsible for speech and language, has not received the stimulation required for normal development† (ExtraOrdinaryChildren, 2008)(See appendix 4 for image).This lack of development has left her speech centres irreparably damaged. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs show that Genie did not meet any of the levels of need (see appendix 3 for Maslow’s hierarchy of need’s pyramid). According to this theory â€Å"they are the literal requirements for human survival. If these requirements are not met, the human body simply cannot continue to function†. (Wikipedia, 2011) She had the physical development of a 7-year old due to her prolonged malnutrition. Genie had a poor quality diet consisting of milk, oatmeal and sometimes an egg. The house was completely dark, all the blinds were drawn and there were no toys, no clothes, nothing to indicate that a child of any age had lived there†. (ExtraOrdinaryChildren, 2008)These experiences of Genie’s entire life, comes to show how much each individual needs their environment and the result of not having nurture in one’s life. Bibliography A2zpsychology, 2006, Freud's Psychosexual Theory. Viewed March 16, 2011, http://www. a2zpsychology. com/great_psychologists/freud_psychosexual_thoery. htm About, 2011, Personality Psychology.Viewed March 21, 2011, http://psychology. about. com/od/personalitydevelopment/Personality_Psychology. htm Answers, 2011, Nature or Nurture. Viewed March 4, 2011, http://wiki. answers. com/Q/What_influences_personality_more_nature_or_nurture#ixzz1HIvrEH1D Boeree, George. 1997, Sigmund Freud. Viewed March 13, 2011, http://webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/freud. html. Boeree, George. 1998, B. F. Skinner. Viewed March 12, 2011, http://webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/skinner. html Changingminds, 2011, Freud’s Psychosexual Stage Theory.Viewed March 15, 2011, http://changingminds. org/explanations/learning/freud_stage. htm Dr. Westrope. 2010, Personality. ViewedMarch 18, 2011, http://answers. yahoo. com/question/index? qid=20091119000820AALKEuL ExtraOrdinaryChildren, 2008, Genie Wiley. Viewed March 13, 2011, http://www. mymultiplesclerosis. co. uk/misc/wild-child. html Haimowitz, Avi. 2005, Heredity vs. environment. Viewed March 21, 2011, http://www. personalityresearch. org/papers/haimowitz. html Powell, Kimberly. 2011, nature vs nurture.Viewed March 22, 2011, http://genealogy. about. com/cs/geneticgenealogy/a/nature_nurture. htm Stennes Barbara (2009), How Different Roles Influence Your Personality. Viewed March 14, 2011, http://www. resourcesunlimited. com/How_Different_Roles_Influence_Your_Personality. asp Wikipedia, 2011, Personality Psychology. Viewed March 21, 2011, http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Personality_psychology#Trait_theories Wikipedia, 2011, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Viewed March 1 4, 2011, http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File:Maslow%27s_Hierarchy_of_Needs. svg