Time Lags in Fiscal Policy Essays

Delays in Fiscal Policy Essays Delays in Fiscal Policy Paper Delays in Fiscal Policy Paper Financial strategy is the change in duties and spending that influence the degree of GDP (O’Sullivan, p. 212, 2008). At the point when monetary strategies are established, the objective is to see the economy develop to solid levels. Different explanations behind financial arrangements could incorporate balancing out the economy. These approaches should enable the economy to run at its maximum capacity. Congress and the President should be continually attempting to keep up a solid economy. There are times in any case, that an inadequately planned move could hurt and destabilize the economy. The issue with attempting to execute arrangements that will move the economy to its most noteworthy potential yield is that there can be delays. Attempting to figure the economy resembles attempting to conjecture the climate. At the point when strategy creators commit errors, they make world renowned downpour at our excursion. At the point when the economy begins to back off, government authorities attempt to get the economy to run at its maximum capacity once more. The issue with this is here and there, the economy can address itself without arrangements being built up. There are generally postponements, or slacks in the arrangements being executed. Much the same as should be expected, standard individuals, there are times that strategy creators are delayed to understand that there is issue that requirements rectifying. At the point when they at long last understand that there is an issue nearby, it might take the strategy producers effort to respond. Two sorts of slacks can cause issues inside slacks and outside slacks. Inside slacks include the time it takes to define an arrangement while outside slacks include the time it takes for the approach to really work (O’Sullivan, p. 214, 2008). The most serious issue with within slack is the time it takes policymakers to perceive moves in financial pointers. Policymakers attempt to depend on their determining aptitudes. At times their anticipating is right, while different occasions, they are incorrect. This can cause enormous disparities in the economy. Another issue is the time it takes for strategy producers to understand that there is an issue and afterward fix the current issue. With outside slacks, arrangements, for example, tax reductions set aside some effort to really work. Outside slacks are typically short, yet in the event that they are planned erroneously, the economy could really become destabilized. The most exceedingly terrible issue with slacks is that financial analysts are assuming the job of the meteorologist in determining what will befall the economy. It is difficult for them to know whether a monetary lull is simply transitory or in the event that it will be a long downturn. For instance, if market analysts anticipate that the economy will be working over its latent capacity, and the administration executes a strategy to get the economy to its maximum capacity, yet not over it, and afterward the economy gets powerless before the approach happens, the whole economy could become destabilized. Strategy creators must comprehend this chance and give a valiant effort to limit mistakes. Reference OSullivan, Shefferin, Perez. (2008). Financial aspects: Principles, Applications, and Tools. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.

Rabbit Proof Fence essays

Hare Proof Fence expositions Phillip Noyces Rabbit Proof Fence communicates a considerable lot of the qualities and perspectives in regards to regard and nobility. This is obviously appeared by the uncalled for strategy upheld by the administration during the 1930s with the abuse of the native individuals. Utilizing the Molly, Daisy and Gracie, and their story, Noyce makes a story that investigates and differentiates issues, for example, the natives relationship with the land with the gigantic accomplishment of getting back, the profound bond inside the family and the foul play of the kids evacuation. Bunny Proof Fence, from various perspectives, speaks to lifes good and bad times, and how a few things are uncalled for. For this situation, Mollys venture home to Jigalong speaks to her remain against what we presently call racial bias. The bad form is unmistakably demonstrated when the young ladies are taken from their mom and driven away in a squad car with their discouraged and upset countenances squeezed facing the window of the vehicle. In spite of the fact that the legislature, heavily influenced by A.O Neville, meant well, it is obvious that occasions had never been more awful for the native individuals. The downturn and sorrow of being isolated from their family is clear among the kids at the Moore River settlement. The bad form and partiality experienced by all the native individuals would later greatly affect the family connection. All through Noyces film Rabbit Proof Fence, otherworldliness and family connection are significant subjects that are consistently advertised. The film starts with Molly and her mom looking at a soul fowl and Maud says: ...it will consistently care for you... By utilizing this statement from the get-go in the film, Phillip Noyce tells the crowd that family connection is significant in the native network and that this topic will might be additionally evolved in the film. Subsequent to being taken from their locale and put in the Moore River settlement, Molly and the young ladies escape and ... <! Bunny Proof Fence articles An Australian movie Rabbit Proof Fence coordinated by Philip Noyce is dependable to a student of history considering the Protection arrangements of the Australian Government during the 1930's in that it recounts to a genuine tale around three Aboriginal kids who were detracted from their families since they were half-standings. In any case, it isn't dependable in that it just enlightens us concerning the impact of Protection arrangement in Western Australia, not the entire nation. This film plots the encounters three youthful half-rank Aboriginal young ladies, who were coercively removed by the white Australians, had and describes their excursion back home. Its thought process is to build the consciousness of overall population, particularly white Australians, about existence of numerous Aboriginal individuals and hardships and sufferings they needed to experience in the twentieth century. The film recounts to an account of incredible fortitude and enables the compromise to process. The film helps overall population of Australia to increase a superior information about Australia's actual history. It is additionally useful to history understudies examining Australian history. It tells about evacuation arrangements of Western Australian Government and why they were taken. It gives them that young ladies' involvement with the Moore River Settlement was unforgiving and that the expulsion arrangement was pitiless and lamentable for the families. It likewise shows how white individuals respected Aboriginal individuals and half-ranks and how they needed to raise them into whites. Nonetheless, it isn't helpful in that we don't know whether Australian Government had a similar arrangement as Western Australian Government. Likewise, the film concentrates just on half-rank youngsters and it is produced using just one individual's story. Consequently, we don't what befell other Aboriginal individuals who were not half-positions and we realize that not all Aborigines individuals had a similar encounter as the specific individual in the film. This film is an auxiliary source, in view of a book composed by Molly (fundamental character in the film's) girl. Indeed, even t ... <! Hare Proof Fence expositions In Rabbit Proof Fence, it recounts heartbreaking and untold accounts of the taken age, the assessed 30,000 Aboriginal youngsters persuasively expelled from their guardians by Australian specialists among 1900 and the late 1960s. The film happens in 1931 at Jigalong, an Aboriginal settlement on the edge of the Little Sandy Desert in northwest Australia. The youngsters taken were migrated to Moore River Native Settlement close to Perth. This film has a solid importance, genuine, however upsetting now and again. In Hare Proof Fence I might want to discuss the manner in which the film was made and the battle In the film it had a ton of scenes that hopped starting with one scne then onto the next, for occurrences you would see the principle characters Molly, Daisy and Gracie in the desert sitting by a fence figuring they ought to return to Gracie, and afterward you see then at the train station stumbling into the tracks, holing up behind a stone watching Gracie escape. In parts of the film it had heaps of tilt shots, where the camera would remain at one edge indicating the young ladies countenances, and afterward it would show their feet strolling on the desert ground. There was likewise very close shots of the young ladies faces were you could see their feelings, and perceive how the excursion home was influencing them enthusiastic and truly. Their was a great deal of distinction in the music in this film, had a ton of scenes where you could hear the young ladies strolling on the rocks and in the water, clear and genuine. The music that was played out of sight was exceptionally calm, and some of the time a scene in the film had no ambient melodies exceptionally calm and still, however a portion of the scenes in the film, the music gave it an all the more impressive significance, a feeling of will and quality that the young ladies can make the excursion home to their mom. There are numerous endearing and upsetting scenes in this film Rabbit ... <!

Pressing Pause

Pressing Pause IAPIndependent Activities Periodis soon coming to a close! Spring semester begins Tuesday, and so will begin the class I’ve been diligently preparing for all IAP6.01, Intro to Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. I’m glad I’ve learned so many things, and I’m glad MIT gave us all a nice, long break. Snowpocalypse 2015 also basically forced everything to shut down for two days, though my roommate and I determinedly went on an expedition around MIT and into Boston: Photo credits to Ayesha B. ‘18 (my fantastic roommate). I do not actually own a real camera or know anything about photography. However, my roommate’s photos are magnificent, so be assuredher work will frequently be featured on this blog! Coming from Colorado, the weather itself actually wasn’t that bad, but I’ve never been in a severe snowstorm in such a big city before, so it was cool to walk around and see everything eerily shut down and quiet. That’s why I like snow so muchit makes everything quiet and soft, and just forces you to shut up for a minute. I’ll sometimes just stare at all the flakes falling from the sky, and it will feel like magic, especially when flurries swirl around lamplights in the purple evening sky, which never gets quite dark enough in the winter time. The snow reflects all the light. I took a walk in the evening yesterday, and didn’t really think about anything, and just let the soft, windy silence be. As craziness season begins for you poor juniors in high school (subject tests and AP’s coming up OMG) I’d encourage you to all press pause for a weekend or a day or even just an hour, too. Just don’t think about work or THE FUTURE  for a moment, and take time to get back your energy, hold the reset button, drink tea, realign your chakra or your qi or whatever you want to call it (my super Asian mother has always placed a high value on both qi and tea, which I’ve inherited). For you second semester seniors, press pause and take in everything around you. Some of you have already gotten in places, some of you have plans for gap years or work or a year at community college, some of you will very soon begin to get into placesthe bottom line is, soon you will be leaving home. At the very least, you will be leaving home as you currently know it. Appreciate your home, and your general state of being right now. Many of you are excited to get out into the world, I know, but you might m iss home and this general state of being more than you think. This IAP I learned a lot, and putting craziness on pause for a while has allowed me to really think about what I want and who I am and who I will beboth academically and in the abstract. I’ve settled on and declared my major early, 2A-6 (Mechanical Engineering with Computer Science!). Sometimes, it’s nice to just sit meditatively with my cup of tea and stare at the CITGO sign across in Boston, which blinks red, white, and blue in a rhythmic fashion. It’s nice to just draw in my sketchbook for no particular reason, or listen to music and read. Another friend of mine lent me The Autobiography of Malcolm X, which I have added to my already long and growing “to read” listI’m going to start it right after I finish Two Towers and put Return of the King on hold. I feel that this last month I’ve been just productive enoughI can’t ever actually have nothing to do or I go crazy, so I had just the right amount of stuff, I feel. Although, just the right amount of stuff was still a lot6.149 (Intro to Python) basically taught us how to code in three weeks. The lab assistants, TAs, and lecturers were all fantabulous*, and I felt each of them really cared about our development as budding coders. I remember feeling by the end of it that this was a really, really well taught class. 6.117 (Intro to EE lab skills) was pretty cool too!               I’ve been doing lots of art and music. I’ve caught up with old friends from home and made really good bonds with new ones here at MIT, including my beloved and photography-talented roommate. I feel it was all so valuable. I’m just so grateful for everything. I really did want to come to MIT since I was 8 years old, and I actually really did start looking into what applying meant and what I needed when I was in 7th grade. My whole academic career built up to coming here. Even now, at random moments I think to myselfI actually did it. I came here, after at least seven years of channelled and concentrated effort. I did it. I really did do it. The moment I dreamed of is now, is here. Then, I usually smile to myself uncontrollably in the hallways like the cheesy goofball that I am and walk to class. *(fantabulous is not a real word) (but it could be) (if you all used it enough) (because linguistics)

Human Smuggling And Human Trafficking - 1525 Words

Human smuggling is defined as the act of facilitating, transporting or aiding the illegal entry of a person or persons across an international border, deliberately evading the country s immigration laws. Human trafficking is similar, but not quite the same since the person being trafficked has not given consent, while smuggling is under an agreement between smuggler and customer. A victim of trafficking is also usually treated as possession to be controlled and exploited (Human Trafficking Gale) . Human smuggling and trafficking both have damaging effects and the causality is left with physical, mental and emotional scars. A majority of the people that are being affected are migrants from Central America or residents of the Mexican highlands hoping to get work on farms or construction sites in the U.S. Being smuggled across the border is very problematic. Not only because there is a high risk of being caught, but if they are able to make it across they are generally unable to pay for food, transportation and often don t speak English.(Dying to Leave.) Victims of trafficking are primarily young children or women whose purpose is to either be used as slave labor or some sort of sexual exploitation like prostitution. Human smuggling and trafficking is such an important issue to resolve because it’s a violation of human rights, a form of organized crime, undermines human safety and even threatens development prospects in many regions around the world (Human Trafficking.)Show MoreRelatedHuman Trafficking And Human Smuggling1328 Words   |  6 Pagesconvince my readers that human trafficking and human smuggling are not the same. It is important to identify these two key terms in an effort to better understand them. By doing this my readers will have a better understanding of why it is important to distinction them. Human trafficking and human smuggling are huge markets worldwide and as a result can provide many of those involved with an income. The amount of income that is produced annually due to human trafficking is not known. According toRead MoreHuman Trafficking And Human Smuggling Essay1679 Words   |  7 PagesHow would you feel to know that you just paid money for you to be human smuggled and or trafficked? Thinking that you are coming to the United States to start a land of opportunity. Say you are in another country answering a job ad for the United States and to find out when you get here, it’s a sick joke. Unfortunately, the issue of human smuggling and trafficking is a sick game that ruins the lives of many innocent women and it’s going to take a strong investigation to put a stop to those men thatRead MoreHuman Trafficking And Smuggling Of Migrants Essay2452 Words   |  10 PagesIs there distinction between human trafficking and smuggling of migrants? The confusion around human trafficking and the smuggling of immigrants’ leads to production of incorrect interpretation of the two cases within the professional circles (Batsyukova 2012: 39). Recently, the smuggling of migrants across international borders has hurriedly developed from a small scale cross border activity affecting many countries into a global multi-million dollar enterprise (Forced Migration Review- Bhaba Read MoreOrganised Crime-Maritime Piracy, Smuggling and Human Trafficking693 Words   |  3 PagesOrganised Crime-Maritime Piracy, Smuggling and Human Trafficking: Organised crime groups will utilise the Indian Ocean space to conduct their illicit operations (Hastings, 2012). Major crimes include piracy, smuggling and human trafficking. Piracy is a major security challenge in the IOR as it threatens peace and regional stability, trade and commerce as well as international energy movement (Herbert-Burns, 2012). It has encountered a lot of attention within the media as a successful means of financialRead MoreHuman Trafficking And The United Nations Office On Drugs And Crime1278 Words   |  6 PagesHuman trafficking and smuggling has been in existence across the world for thousands of years. While both of these issues deserve equal public awareness, they are very different from one another. The United Nations office reveals consent, exploitation and transnationality are the most important differences (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Web). From ancient Greek to medieval times, up until today, both physical and sexual slavery is commo nly used. Humans all over the world are trappedRead MoreHuman Trafficking And The Trafficking901 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Smuggling and trafficking continues to be a worldwide plague that has been, thus far been largely ignored by the international community. The paramount reason human trafficking and smuggling has festered and grown roots and spread globally. It started as a grassroots effort on the local level where women and girls (it affects boys as well) would be used and sold for sex. Eventually, greed and corruption tagged along for the ride and at that point the crimes became an organized enterprise. AtRead MoreHuman Trafficking And Trafficking : A Modern Day Form Of Slavery Essay1068 Words   |  5 PagesHuman smuggling and trafficking: Did you know that women make up 66% of the worldwide trafficking victims? The victim is usually aged 8-18, and some are as young as 4 or 5. Human trafficking and smuggling is becoming the world’s largest crime in the world. People that are caught up in these horrible crimes either end up in jail if caught, or dead. Trafficking is a compared to a modern-day form of slavery as it involves the exploitation of unwilling people through force. Karla Jacinto was one ofRead MoreThe Problem Of Human Trafficking1283 Words   |  6 PagesWhen it comes to the topic human trafficking, mostly everyone knows that it has a lot of history to its name. According to ben skinner, â€Å" there are more slaves in the world today then ever before†(E. Benjamin pg. xi). There have been many incidents and cases with human trafficking such as, sex trade, smuggling, violence, etc. Today, one can show how real is Human Trafficking. This paper details the big enigma exist todays date, that Human Trafficking is real. Trafficking can happen in almost everyRead MoreHuman Trafficking : A Serious Crime And A Direct Violation Of Human Rights1138 Words   |  5 PagesIntelligence Question: How human trafficking is currently impacted by increased law enforcement coverage at the southwest border aimed at reducing illegal alien smuggling into the country? Summary: Human trafficking is a serious crime and a direct violation of human rights. It can be defined as an illegal trade of human beings in which they are treated as possessions to be controlled for labor intensive work like slavery, or exploited by being forced into prostitution. Every year, millions of peopleRead MoreHuman Trafficking : A Global Perspective1402 Words   |  6 PagesIn Human Trafficking: A Global Perspective, Louise Shelley examines why and how human occurs. Dr. Shelley, founder and director of the Terrorism, Transnational Crime and Corruption Center and Professor in the School of Public Policy at George Mason University is a lead expert on transnational crime and terrorism. She has written numerous works on all sides of transnational crime and corruption. The main focus of her work is on the former Soviet Union. Shelley does an excellent job on giving the reader

A Portrait Of An Artist - 1522 Words

In James Joyce’s novel A Portrait of an Artist, he exemplifies the impact of religion and a lost identity within his character, Stephen Dedalus’ life through heresy, sin, epiphany and redemption. Stephen goes through various changes throughout the novel in order decipher his identity through his Catholic religion. Stephen’s religion influences him to become someone he is not by the strict conformity of his parents, the catholic church and the priests. The arduous combat Stephen comes to face is whether or not he will concede to Catholicism or pave his own path to find his true identity. The reluctance to repel against his own piety of the Catholic church leaves Stephen with confusion as his destiny is to find his identity and dismiss the ways of the Catholic church. Once Stephen distances himself from his religion, he feels a sense of freedom to discover himself and do as he pleases. The freedom Stephen experiences leads him to his own individuality but resulted in sin against the Catholic ways of the church. The sin Stephen commits torments him to repentance as he is fearful of castigation. As Stephen grows older, he has another great epiphany after repentance which essentially changes Stephen beliefs on religion wholey and become who he desired to be. The influence of religion upon Stephen caused him to develop two great epiphanies which ultimately impacted Stephen’s life and leave him with his own individualism in search of his true identity. Within Chapter one of theShow MoreRelatedA Portrait Of The Artist As A Young Man1038 Words   |  5 Pages In his novel, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Joyce and his character, Stephen Dedalus, share a wide variety of similarities, all the way from childhood aspects, to challenges of adulthood. Because of these similarities, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, is considered an autobiography. James Joyce created the character, Stephen Dedalus, as a mirrored image of himself in both A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man and Ulysses. However, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man describesRead MoreA Portrait Of The Artist As A Young Man1594 Words   |  7 Pagesthis essay is to discuss how James Joyce’s seminal novel A Portrait of the Artist as a young man, is experimental with regards to plot, point of view, language, symbolism, style and character development, and will begin with a brief introduction. Many artists, be they of the pen, brush or instrument, seek through innovation an artistic immortality that has the potential to act as a blueprint from which imitation is spawned. Joyce’s Portrait is at its core innovative pioneering prose, and it can beRead MoreA Portrait Of The Artist As A Young Man1664 Words   |  7 PagesIn A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Stephen Dedalus grows out of a repressive society fueled by religious beliefs to realize his true desire to be an artist. In Ireland at the time, there is no influence as strong as religion but somehow Stephen is able to look over the wall and find determination to be an artist. He faces numerous struggles along his path and since the novel ends with Stephen just deciding to take his action, it is unclear if he even ever escapes the religious influencesRead MoreA Portrait of The Deluded Artist Essay1644 Words   |  7 PagesFew novels capture the peculiarity of the human mind as well as James Joyce’s, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Frustrating and awe-inspiring at the same time, the fleeting ambiguity with which Joyce depicts Stephen’s character leave the reader often puzzled and asking the natural question, â€Å"What is this supposed to mean?† We can then remain in this state of perplexity or try to interpret the subtle clues, dispersed throughout the book, in hope of arriving closer to the hidden meaning ofRead MorePortrait Of The Artist As A Young Man1620 Words   |  7 PagesPortrait of the Artist as a Young Man is an excellent novel, written by James Joyce, about the life of Stephen Dedalus and how he overcame the barriers of his family and his religion to pursue his life as a writer. Drawing on details based on his own early life, Joyce provides us â€Å"with insight into how his own imagination worked† (Gose, 267). Extensive use of stream of consciousness, which represent the character’s inner thoughts and perceptions, and like human thoughts jumping from one thought toRead MoreA Port rait Of The Artist As A Young Man1716 Words   |  7 PagesIn the class reading of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, we analyzed the life of Stephen Dedalus in relation to his family and to women, and the varying roles they play. From his point-of-view, we watched the shifting dynamic in his family and his struggles with relationships with the rest of the people around him. Analyzing Stephen’s coming of age from such a perspective, that of a virtual stranger, shaped the conclusions that were drawn as well as the life events that were deemed significantRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Portrait Of The Artist 978 Words   |  4 Pagesimportant the theme is, the often lack of the restraints of time is what makes mythology so easy to relate for any era. James Joyce in his novel, Portrait of the Artist as A Young Man, ties his story with the semblances of mythology from the story of Daedalus and Icarus, fusing the ideas that discovery, sacrifice and rebellion is a process n eeded to be an artist. Though Daedalus and Icarus are from a mythical time and Stephen is living in a specific time during Dublin’s history, all characters are facedRead MoreComing of Age-Portrait of an Artist921 Words   |  4 PagesAnthony Ingracia Cpt.Griffin English 303 AP 9 February 2011 Coming of Age A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is a complete work of art, complete in the sense that it gives such great insight to human nature and the people of the world. The title is essentially what this novel represents. The â€Å"coming of age† is represented like a portrait because it takes a long time, with many different attempts, to reach the final work of art. In even greater context, the protagonist experiences a seriesRead MoreA Portrait Of The Artist As A Young Man1742 Words   |  7 PagesWe contemplated his ever-present melancholy, his plunge into sinful abandon and his guilty conversion into an unbearably obsessive religious fervor as well as his later struggle to define his passion and purpose. In the class reading of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, we analyzed the life of Stephen Dedalus in relation to his family and to women, and the varying roles they play. From his point-of-view, we watched the shifting dynamic in his family and his struggles with relationships withRead MorePortrait of the Artist as a Young Man882 Words   |  4 PagesA Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man tells the story of Stephen Dedalus, a boy growing up in Ireland at the end of the nineteenth century, as he gradually decides to cast off all his social, familial, and religious constraints to live a life devoted to the art of writing. Right at the beginning of the novel is the epigraphy Et ignotas animum dimittit in artes. This loosely translates into â€Å"he sent his soul into unknown arts.† This epigraphy is the bases of the novel; how Stephen explores is body

Currency Risk Test Free Essays

The following scenario relates to Q1-5. R2F is expecting a receipt of $650,000 from a USA customer in four months’ time. The company has obtained a forward rate of  £1. We will write a custom essay sample on Currency Risk Test or any similar topic only for you Order Now 88/$. The current spot rate in the market is  £1.65/$. R2F can obtain a short-term loan of $ at 5% per annum. The relevant information is as follows: Short term $ deposit 3% per annum Short term $ borrowing 7% per annum Q1. Calculate the income using Forward market hedging? (MCQ)  £323,126  £329,281  £345,745  £419,355 (2 marks) Q2. Calculate the income using Money market hedging (to nearest  £)? (FIB) 3511551333500 £ (2 marks) Q3. Which of the following is not a way to reduce transaction risk? (MCQ) R2F will deal in pounds R2F will create a bank account in the USA R2F will net off the receipts with a supplier payment to made in China R2F should expect that there is no transaction risk taking no action (2 marks) Q4. If R2F’s competitor in a different country has a lower exchange rate, what kind of impact will it have on R2F? (MCQ) Currency impact Indirect impact Tax impact Direct impact (2 marks) Q5. R2F is trying to hedge using derivatives for the first time. Which of the following is the most cost-effective? (MCQ) Futures Options Forward contract Swaps (2 marks) The following scenario relates to Q6-10. Gaffs Co is located in China; the company has a loan in dollars at a fixed interest rate. The yield curve has indicated an upcoming recession which will increase the dollar interest rate. Gaffs Co has to pay an interest of $30,000 in six months’ time. The information is as follows: Spot Rate $/ ¥ $10.2 – $10.6 6 month Forward rate $/ ¥ $10.35 – $10.94 Borrow Deposit Dollar 8% per annum 6.3% per annum Yen 3.3% per annum 1.2% per annum Q6. Calculate the payment to be made using Forward market hedging (to nearest hundred)? (FIB) 3816356096000 ¥ (2 marks) Q7. Select the appropriate option. (HA) A forward contract is very difficult to use ; understand TRUE FALSE A forward contract can be settled using any amount TRUE FALSE (2 marks) Q8. Calculate the amount to be paid using Money market hedging? (MCQ)  ¥47  ¥2,744  ¥2,851  ¥2,898 (2 marks) Q9. Gaffs Co is considering a currency swap. Which of the following statement is correct? (MCQ) The contract cannot be tailored The exact date of receipt/payment is known The contract is binding Transaction cost is very expensive (2 marks) Q10. What will be the gain/loss if the payment is lead and paid immediately compared to forward contract? (MCQ)  ¥41 (Loss)  ¥158 (Loss)  ¥41 (Gain)  ¥158 (Gain) (2 marks) INTEREST RISK The following scenario relates to Q11-15. Tito Co is looking into the financing options to obtain a new subsidiary. Tito Co has estimated that they will need to borrow the USA $200,000 in two months’ time for six months. The company is concerned about the fluctuations in interest rates and is considering hedging this risk. Tito Co has been advised to consider using a forward rate agreement. The FRA’s are as follows: 2 months V 6 months 2.1% – 3.6% 2 months V 8 months 5% – 4.7% Q11. What will be the interest payment on the market interest rate of 4%? (MCQ) $700 $3,600 $4,000 $4,700 (2 marks) Q12. What will be the refundable percentage if the market interest rate is 6%? (MCQ) 1.3% 2.4% 3.6.% 4.7%(2 marks) Q13. The six-month forward rate is $1.515/â‚ ¬. The local interest rate is 4% ; the foreign interest rate is 6%. Calculate the six months’ forward rate? (MCQ) $1.45/â‚ ¬ $1.5/â‚ ¬ $1.54/â‚ ¬ $1.63/â‚ ¬ (2 marks) Q14. Select the appropriate option. (HA) Purchasing power parity theory tends to hold true in the long-term TRUE FALSE Inflation rates can be used to calculate expected future spot rates TRUE FALSE Current spot rates are based on interest rates TRUE FALSE (2 marks) Q15. Which of the following statements is/are true in relation to forward rate agreements? (MRQ) They are difficult to obtain for periods over one year FRA may not protect the borrower from adverse changes in the market FRA’s are over the counter contracts (2 marks) ANSWERS Q1. C Forward market hedge (receipt) = $650,000 à · 1.88 =  £345,745 Q2.  £396,522 Borrow = $650,000 à · [1 + (5% Ãâ€" 4/12)] = $639,344 Convert = $639,344 à · 1.65 =  £387,481 Deposit interest = [ £387,481 Ãâ€" (7% Ãâ€" 4/12)] =  £9,041 Total receipts =  £387,481 +  £9,041 =  £396,522 Q3. C All other options are correct to deal with transaction risk. The company can only net off if the currency/ amount/ timing all are same. Q4. B Indirect impact as competitor price will eventually decrease for the customers ; will shift to competitor business rather than staying at R2F. Q5. D Swaps have either nominal or no cost. Options have high premium cost. Futures have initial margin cost but are refundable. A forward contract is not a derivative but has a transaction cost. Q6.  ¥2,900 Forward market hedge (payment) = $30,000 à · 10.35 =  ¥2,899 Q7. A forward contract is very difficult to use ; understand FALSE A forward contract can be settled using any amount TRUE The forward contract is easy to use ; understand. The rate used is fixed and any amount can be settled using the locked rate. Q8. D Deposit = $30,000 à · [1 + (6.3% Ãâ€" 6/12)] = $29,084 Convert = $29,084 à · 10.2 =  ¥2,851 Borrow interest = [ ¥2,851 Ãâ€" (3.3% Ãâ€" 6/12)] =  ¥47 Total payments =  ¥2,851 +  ¥47 =  ¥2,898 Q9. C The contract can be tailored, The exact date of receipt/payment is not known, can be done anytime The contract is binding, (Correct) Transaction cost is either nominal or nothing Q10. A Spot (payment) = $30,000 à · 10.2 =  ¥2,941 Difference =  ¥2,941 –  ¥2,900 =  ¥41 (Loss) Q11. C Interest Payment = [200,000 Ãâ€" (4% Ãâ€" 6/12)] = $4,000 Q12. A The market interest rate is 6% ; The FRA fixed interest rate is 4.7%. The refundable interest rate = 6% – 4.7% = 1.3% Q13. B Calculated using Interest rate parity theory = Spot rate = $X Ãâ€" 1+(6% Ãâ€" 612)1+(4% Ãâ€"612) = $1.515 X= $1.5/â‚ ¬ Q14. Purchasing power parity theory tends to hold true in the long-term TRUE Inflation rates can be used to calculate expected future spot rates TRUE Current spot rates are based on interest rates FALSE Purchasing power parity theory is true in a long term as it is used to forecast future exchange rates and gives future spot rates. Interest rate parity theory uses interest rates to calculate forward rates. Q15. They are difficult to obtain for periods over one year, it is a limitation of FRA’s hence (Correct) FRA may not protect the borrower from adverse changes in the market, it protects the borrower from adverse market interest rates hence (Incorrect) FRA’s are over the counter contracts (Correct) How to cite Currency Risk Test, Papers

Behavioral Disorders Case Study Analysis and Synthesis

Question: Describe about the Case Study of Behavioral Disorders? Answers: Introduction: The report throws light upon a case study that has been developed in context to educational abilities and related behavioral approaches. The case study revolves around a young boy named Steve Cruise, who has been suffering from some kind of educational and behavioral inabilities. The case scenario highlights on some important aspects like learning styles, family background, peers and friends, academic interests, and others issues. It also states the method of data collection about Steve and those were used in assessing, addressing, and solving his problems. Case Study: Analysis and Synthesis To develop the required case study, the student I have chosen here is one from second grade at an elementary institution. His name is Steve Cruise. Steve is usually a Hispanic student, having two other siblings, a younger sister and a newborn brother. Here, I have chosen Steve after thoroughly observing him during the class hours and also having a talk with his teachers of first and second grade (Fiske, n.d.). Amidst all other students in the second grade, Steve is the only child who sucks his thumb as well as faces problem in communicating with others. He often behaves in an argumentative manner and exhibits short-temperedness towards other students. When I spoke with his teacher who taught him during first grade, she spoke about the hard time she faced with Steve. On several mornings, Steve screamed as well as cried in class. He hardly could complete his class works or home-works (Floyd and Bodur, 2006). His parents were often called upon for conferencing but of no result of improv ed performances. The present second grade teacher of Steve is of the opinion that he does not cry or scream anymore now; rather he is least bothered about completing his work. Even if he completed his work, it was too sloppy (Bitler et al., 2014). Miss Jones, his second grade teacher, is of opinion that Steve has the potential to do much better as he understands the regular lessons while giving oral responses, but fails to deliver written work. I gathered all relevant information about Steve by going through his personal and academic folders. There was a paper for a Student Intervention Team (SIT). It is said to involve the counselor of school, teachers, and parents of those students who suffer due to various causes in school. The main aim of this team is to permit a counselor as well as a teacher to develop innovative approaches to support a child. This was conducted on Steve during February 2015. Miss Jones expressed during SIT that the key issue with Steve is that of his classroom behavior. To be specific, some of his behaviors are not to stay at own seat, no responsibility of completing task, and lack of organizational skills (Depukat, 2012). The second aspect of concern is his ability to interact with other students and that of his temper. Steve remains at a constant negative mood right from the early morning. According to Steves mother, she is utterly concerned with his behavior and pursuits. She adds that Steve hardl y brings his books and copies at home and this makes it difficult for his mother to go through all the work undertaken at school. For addressing the issue, it was a suggestion from the counselor to keep the length of the assignments quite short to keep Steve motivated in his work, and also getting Steve engaged in an agency who conducts such counseling with students every week to pursue anger management. The counselor would interact with Steve on a weekly basis (Gerdes, 2010). As per the report card of Steve, it was observed that he has been receiving poor grades in reading as well as language on a continuous basis. The grades in math are worst. He has been earning grades below average. For Steve, after-schooling tutoring was recommended by his teachers. Method to Collect Data: Questionnaires In order to gather information and data, Steve was interviewed and so were his parents and teachers of both first and second grade. I had prepared a questionnaire for Steve that would allow him to answer some basic questions about himself. These are: I finish as well as turn in my home-work; I try with my best effort when teachers give me work; I listen carefully to my teachers; I always keep by things like pencils, books, crayons ready during the class; As soon I finish my work I like to read it; My class work and home work are always neat; For each of the question, Steve had to put an emoticon of different faces The questionnaire prepared for Steves parents is: How often Steve interacts with his parents or siblings? What all reasons make Steve angry most of the time? What does he prefers doing when he stays at home? How often he speaks about his class mates at his school? When does he usually exhibit improper behavior? What makes Steve happy the most? The above questions when answered by Steves parents would provide me with ample information about the way Steve feels when he is at home. This could make my task easier to manage Steve. Two of the teachers of Steve who taught him in first and second grade were also interviewed in order to get more information about Steve and his behavior in school. The questions for the teachers are: How regular is Steve to school? How regular is Steve with his class work and home work? How frequent does he interacts with teachers? How frequent does Steve interact with his peers? How does he react when scolded? How is Steves normal attitude in classroom? When Steves teachers answer these questions, a lot of information can be collected about behavioral aspects of Steve. This would enable me to formulate strategies and identify the most effective ways to manage his conditions and sentiments. There are several emoticons to describe the answers to each question. The happy face is to mean the response always; neutral face means response for sometimes; sad face meant never; and the last question is a self-explanatory question which Steve needs to complete on his own (Mari , Pavlin and Ferjan, 2010). While administering the test upon Steve, I had to explain what each question meant as he cried often in the midst of the test. Often I had to pacify him not to get worried about it and it was meant for complete fun. After much consolation, he understood the purpose of the pre-test and stopped crying. It is clearly reflected that Steve is well aware of his deficiency areas like inactive listening, not putting his best, and sloppy work every time. He thinks that he sometimes turns in home work and gets his things ready for class (Roland, 2006). However, I do not think he is quite aware of his strengths but at the last question he writes about himself as to be good and effective listener. Diagnosis: Steve is believed on a consistent basis to be someone who possesses greater potential to succeed academically. The only issue with him is his behavioral problem specifically self-discipline. Also, it is observed that instead of writing at the pre-test, Steve is often busy sucking his thumb or trying to copy from others sheet. At a situation when he should have been attentive to his teacher, he was busy flicking sheet off his desk. Another thing is that he even faced difficulty at the playground. Other students complaint that Steve often called them by names that do not sound good. He was given two referrals by two teachers. Miss Jones mentioned about his behavior at the classroom and another teacher mentioned about his behavior at the playground(Rutherford, Quinn and Mathur, 2004). I am really concerned about his negative attitude that persists throughout the day. I am keen to know about his family background and how is condition at his home that leads to such an attitude. It is because family environment plays the key role in developing attitudes and behaviors of an individual. If his parents yell at him on a regular basis, then it may affect him negatively. Learning styles: The learning style of Steve may be regarded as faulty as he could hardly concentrate at classroom. He hardly listened to what his teachers or follows their instructions. So his learning style has never developed. Moreover, his parents had always ignored him due to various reasons. This even led to no development of learning styles. Family Background: When enquired about his family conditions, it has been observed that initially Steves parents were not much concerned or bothered about Steve. Since he is the second child and a middle one too, he was often being neglected as confessed by his parents. However, when Steves parents started realizing the fact that Steve was undergoing some kinds of behavioral issues within himself, and that his teachers complaint about him almost on a regular basis (Steinberg, 2011). His father hardly had any time to spare for Steve, and his mother has always been busy managing household and young kids. It was not really possible to keep an eye on every act of a child where the entire responsibility of all the family members was on her shoulder. Peers and friends: Steve had no friends in his school or at his neighbors. He could hardly be friend to anyone. He often ended up arguing and fighting with his peers and other associates. Although he had his own brother and sister at home, yet he was not even in good terms with them. My personal interventions surrounded three areas Social skills, academic performances, and home work. For a student of second grade, a set of five questions would be appropriate. Homework Initially, I contacted Steves mother to seek her permission and that Steve would be bringing her a slip of permission making her well aware of my personal interventions to get Steve encouraged to accomplish his tasks and turn in home work. I collected paperwork for a plan for home work as well as contract (Taylor and Henry, 2000). If Steve could be made aware that someone was checking upon his daily work and progress, he would be more interested in turning it in. On a particular day every week if Steve finishes all work then he would be allowed to select a gift for himself from the institutions treasure box. On a particular day in a week, I make it a point to discuss the plan for home work with Steve and the reason of completing those assignments. I read the entire assignment requirements along with Steve to ensure that he clearly understands each of it and what is expected of him. Together we planned about how to get all the work done. It was decided that Steve would return home eve ry day, take some snacks, and then dedicate some time to home work. Once those are completed, his mother would sign the papers and the next day Steve must come to me with all his doubts and difficulties. Academic Performances My personal objective about Steves academic performance is to support him feel capable and confident because referring to his family background I feel these are not received by him at home front. My personal approach is to determine Steves capabilities and also provide him thorough encouragement and affirmations regarding his abilities (Bakken, Obiakor and Rotatori, 2012). Since the intervention period was too less, we could meet only restricted number of times. I conducted an activity like Toilet Paper Brainstorm. Here, Steve unrolled some of it from a roll. He tore off individual sections of paper from the roll. Every time he did this, Steve told about his abilities. I helped him in realizing how these capabilities of Steve may help him accomplish every task of him and be successful. Besides, I showed Steve how a student behaves when he is eager to listen to a teacher. Even we role played the strategies. Social skills Steve needed support and help in dealing with his mood and behavior and how to get along with his peers and associates. I aimed at making Steve realize the times when he got angry and brainstorm manners to express his anger (Vanness, 2009). I conducted an activity called Bears Turtles where whenever he got angry he either behaved like a bear or a turtle. Evaluation: Steve made greatest improvements in his home work and deliverances. Previously he used to miss often major assignments in the class but now it has reduced to a great level. It has been reported from his teachers recently that Steve has been completing his work more often than he actually used to. The procedure of selecting gift whenever Steve finished his home work often led to his excitement. His academic performances also improved. Some of his abilities were discovered by joint effort and I also imparted him education about expected behaviors in the classroom. For instance, Steve realized that he is a good reader(Becker, 2014). I even advised him to show this talent of his to his teachers as well. As per Miss Jones, Steve is concentrating more on his work and completes 70% of his task regularly. However, Steve still needs to dedicate more efforts on working upon his anger and interaction with others. Every time he results in a fight, I make him remember and realize about the strate gies to follow before such instigations. On an overall basis, it can be said that I laid my greatest possible effort to achieve desired goals of Steve and to make his life a better thing for him. Steve could work upon his anger only with the help and support of his parents which is still lacking at the side of his family front (Widener, 2014). Conclusion: Thus, the case scenario is reflective about a key aspect of educational inability of Steve. There are multiple causes behind such abnormalities like family background, social environment, learning styles, etc. The case study has been represented and analyzed to identify various crucial aspects of such an inability. Steve needed support and help in dealing with his mood and behavior and how to get along with his peers and associates. I aimed at making Steve realize the times when he got angry and brainstorm manners to express his anger. References: Bakken, J., Obiakor, F. and Rotatori, A. (2012).Behavioral disorders. Bingley: Emerald. Becker, R. (2014). Reversal of gender differences in educational attainment: an historical analysis of the West German case.Educational Research, 56(2), pp.184-201. Bitler, M., Domina, T., Penner, E. and Hoynes, H. (2014). Distributional Analysis in Educational Evaluation: A Case Study from the New York City Voucher Program.Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness, pp.00-00. Depukat, D. (2012).Nursing students' attitudes toward those who self-injure. Fiske, A. (n.d.).A case study of literacy development in a young child with dyslexia designed to answer the research question---How can a child with dyslexia develop literacy skills that allow her/him to succeed in school when many individuals with dyslexia do not succeed in school?. Floyd, D. and Bodur, Y. (2006). Using Case Study Analysis and Case Writing to Structure Clinical Experiences in a Teacher Education Program.The Educational Forum, 70(1), pp.48-60. Gerdes, L. (2010).Behavioral disorders. Detroit: Greenhaven Press. Mari , M., Pavlin, J. and Ferjan, M. (2010). Educational Institution's Image: A Case Study.Organizacija, 43(2). Roland, J. (2006).An analysis of the legal contexts of Public Education Law. [Tampa, Fla]: University of South Florida. Rutherford, R., Quinn, M. and Mathur, S. (2004).Handbook of research in emotional and behavioral disorders. New York: Guilford Press. Steinberg, M. (2011). Educational Choice and Student Participation: The Case of the Supplemental Educational Services Provision in Chicago Public Schools.Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 33(2), pp.159-182. Taylor, S. and Henry, M. (2000). GLOBALIZATION AND EDUCATIONAL POLICYMAKING: A CASE STUDY.Educational Theory, 50(4), pp.487-503. Vanness, P. (2009).Life chances and life choices. Oxford, Ohio: Miami University. Widener, M. (2014).The impact of instructional rounds professional development on teacher self-efficacy. [Boiling Springs, North Carolina]: Gardner-Webb University.

Next Of Kin Essays - Roger Fouts, Washoe, Nim Chimpsky, Next Of Kin

Next Of Kin The next of kin a documentation of mind matter and love. This book was very inspirational it gives you a whole new outlook on the experience and the feelings of animals. Trying to relate with how much Roger Fouts has accomplished in his life is unbearable he has had so many experiences that have been recorded in this book. It was the type of book that was hard to put down from the beginning. In the next few pages I will discuss parts of the book that really moved me and left an impression on me. There are so many great parts it was hard to pick just a few to look into. I read this book in the first few weeks of school and re-read in the last two weeks, also I have bought a copy for my sister who is very interested in primate psychology and it has so much information and personal experience in it that it is in a way a textbook for primate psychology. Washoe was an extraordinary animal saved out of NASA by very patient and brilliant people, it was very exciting to see the advancements that she had made throughout the book. Not only her but also the few people that had have been working with her. The Gardner's the first care takers of Washoe was saved by the Gardner's had put a lot of trust into Roger and he proved to be able to accept and work with Washoe from the beginning on. Fouts, started off as a little kid knowing his only monkey to be curious George, never realizing that George was not a monkey but a chimp. Growing up on a farm Fouts was always around many animals tending and working with them. Realizing the importance of the entire animal Fouts than realized the loyalty when his dog brownie had died jumping in front of the tractor to save his fallen brother. The care for animal was in all of the family even the mother who had many old time stories to tell about animal intelligences. A life and environment changing situation had happened when Fouts was about twelve years old and the only ones still in the house out of nine children was him and another brother. Fouts parents packed up the kids and stuff and move to Los Angeles, California. Around this time in his life he was dreaming of becoming a psychologist. Fouts family had a way of not finishing school but become loyal workers, and Fouts was devoted to finishing college, the only one in his family with the intention of getting more schooling was his mother who at age 52 decided to go back to high school and finish, she to was very interest in the healing of the mind which, also was a inspiration for Fouts to pursue this career. When Fouts started his college career at Compton, his intention was to study human psychology but it was required to take animal psychology as well. The very first animal behavior he was thought that they were mindless creatures who rigid behavior, unlike that of Humans, is controlled by instinct. After much schooling Fouts applied to many clinical schools. After time and time again Fouts was denied and was pushed towards a second-tier school in experimental psychology-or rat psych, as it is affectionately known studies of animal in cages. The University of Nevada accepted Fouts in to their experimental psychology program. Time goes on and Fouts get the cal to change the rest of his life, the call was from a Dr. Paul Secord, telling Fouts "Teaching a chimpanzee to talk," with disbelief roger replied back "what", and the Dr. repeated himself. Fouts went on to take it in with full stride just trying to get his foot in the door, with his main intention of working with kids this entire time. Ready for the job Fouts had one more task into getting the job, and that task was getting through to a very strict man called Allen Gardner. Fouts had taken many courses in animal psychology and statistics. To Garner this was just garbage he didn't believe that everything was to be solved in a laboratory that animal had to watched and worked with? The interview was going terrible, Fouts pulled out all the tricks telling him how he was excited to take courses with two well-known philosophers of science. Garner shot back with "Science doesn't need philosophy." Fouts was very disappointed feeling that it was

What role did the BEF play in the failure of the Schlieffen plan

What role did the BEF play in the failure of the Schlieffen plan The British expeditionary force or the BEF became involved in the war because of Belgium. The Germans decided to go through Belgium as part of the Schlieffen plan, and though they knew that the British might become involved they didn't think that they would and they also felt they didn't need to fear the tiny British force.The Schlieffen plan expected the Belgians to give in when the Germans marched through the country. However they instead fought the Germans and though they wee massively outnumbered the resistance brought time for the British and French to get their troops in to the war to help Belgium. The French were fighting the war on another front so the main force with the Belgium's was British. This force can quite possibly be said to be key to the failure of the Schlieffen plan as although they were hugely outnumbered they combined with the Belgium's slowed the Germans down enough that the 6-week period the Germans had allocated to take France was impossible to achieve.Map o f Western front (World war I) 1914 (ru)

Healthcare Law Chapter 3-4 Contracts, Intentional Torts, and Assignment

Healthcare Law Chapter 3-4 Contracts, Intentional Torts, and Negligence - Assignment Example Adherence to the contract and acting within the health care laws provided leads to better patient services provision and better patient outcome at the end of the care. The laws provide a framework that guides the health care providers to provide care with the use of their best appropriate skills in the management of the patients. Moreover, the laws act as a cushion to the physician or patient in cases where one of them decides to take an undesired eventuality to court. It is of essence to be conscious of the fact that appropriate patient care is a superior goal above everything during the care of patients. At the same time, I will follow the entire step provided in the law when sealing a contract with the patient. The other two laws on negligence and torts guide me on the way to behave when dealing with patient. With the knowledge on what they entail I will have to follow them for the better outcome of the patient health

Mortgages and the Federal Reserve Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mortgages and the Federal Reserve - Coursework Example The prospective client must be on the lookout for events that will lead to lower mortgage interest rates. He therefore needs to be equipped with the knowledge of how to forecast interest rates. An understanding of key economic indicators can provide clues to the future direction of interest rates. These indicators are usually published and are available to everyone. Based on Woodruff (2007), they are the following:   Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total output of goods and services produced by labor and property of a certain country and are considered as the most important economic indicator published. An increasing trend could lead to inflation and make the Federal Reserve raise interest rates in order to slow growth. A negative growth would mean a weaker economy but is desirable because interest rates will be lower due to the need to stimulate commerce.   Consumer Price Index (CPI) indicates the average change over time in the prices paid by urban consumers for a fixed market basket of consumer goods and services. It is the leading indicator of inflation. If the CPI registers an increasing trend, inflation is likely and interest rates are likely to rise. The converse is also true.   Producer Price Index (PPI) is a family of indexes that measures the average change over time in the selling prices (from the seller’s perspective) received by domestic producers of goods and services. High PPI is inflationary and leads to a decrease in bond prices and higher interest rates. The converse is also true.   Employment Situation: The payroll employment report involves data on employment, hours and earnings estimates based on payroll records of business establishments. It is also used to predict other important economic indicators such as Personal Income and Industrial Production. If the Payroll Employment registers a monthly increase or increasing trend, inflation is likely and could cause interest rates to rise. A smaller-than-expected figure causes yields and interest rates to fall.   Employment Situation: Information on the unemployment rate and the number of unemployed persons by occupation, industry, duration of unemployment, and a reason for unemployment is published by the government and use as a lagging indicator. A declining unemployment rate is considered inflationary and causes interest rates to hike. The converse is also true. The reason behind this is that as more people get employed, the more people are willing to compete for a property. Creditors find it as an opportunity to maximize sales.   Consumer Credit data provides information on levels of debt for industries such as auto financing and commercial banking credit and is a good indicator of consumer spending. Although it is considered as having little impact on interest rates, it gives an idea on the degree of consumer spending.   Housing Starts When housing starts to register a higher-than-expected increase, the economy is registering positive growth but it is considered inflationary. This scenario leads to falling in bond prices and yields and interest rates to rise. Likewise, decline or declining trend in housing activity slows the economy and can push it into a recession, causing yields and interest rates to fall.

Advanced Train Control System Technology

Advanced Train Control System Technology 1. Introduction The Dockland light Railway is one of Britains great high-tech Automatic Train Control (ATC) system, now carrying over 60 million passengers. This highly developed train control system has expended more rapidly than any UK railways. DLR officially launched in 1987 to serve the existing Docklands population and helps to regenerate the Isle of Dogs area, with 11vehicles convoy and 15 stations. Since then the DLR network has extended to Bank, Beckton, Lewisham, London City Airport and King George V. It has 31 km of railway and 38 station with 94 vehicles [DLR Light News 2007]. DLR now carries more passenger than ever before, with additional increases in demand predicted over the coming years. The systems current 6o million passengers a year is expected to rise up to 80 million by 2009, when a further 55 cars will be added to the fleet [DLR Light News 2008].Passenger numbers will rise further when the DLR assumes a major role in transporting passengers to and from the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympics Games, serving five Olympic venues. [Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA)] For twenty years, passengers travelling on DLR have been intrigued and puzzled by the unique trait of this network, the absence of train drivers. The entire railway operates as a driverless system, carrying more than 200,000 people across East London every weekday. As the trains appear to stop and start with its own harmony, the operation of the network managed and monitored 24 hour a day, 365 days a year, from the DLR Control Centre. For passenger safety, security and assistance there is a Passenger service Agent (PSA) on every DLR train. The DLR is operated through a computerised Automatic control system. Control Room staff has access to a visual overview of the entire DLR network showing exactly where each train is along the railway at any given time. The benefit of operating a network in this way is incredible. As the system is controlled automatically it allows DLR to run many more trains. [DLR Light News 2007] In the field of Automated Train Control System it is imperative to know all trains position on the system for swift and safe operation. On of the common train operating system was fixed block system, where railway track are divided in to number of blocks. These blocks only allowed one train to occupy that block. Until that block is clear, it does not permit other train to get in to that part or track and big gap used to generated between two trains. To operate a numerous train service like DLR, the railway track has to be divided into many short blocks, requiring setting up and maintenance numerous number of signalling equipment, side track and head shunt. Previously DLR operating system was run by fixed-blocks system due to short rail way tracks, lack of side tracks and head shunts and more frequent service demand this system was later replaced by SELTRAC a Transmission-Based Automatic Train Control (TBAC) system based on the Moving Block Principle. SELTRAC is a registered trademark of Alcatel SEL. [Alcatel Canada Transport Automation] 1.1. Aim The sole purpose of this comprehensive study is to go behind the scene of the infrastructure of the Docklands Light Railway operating system and how this transport service has harness the Advanced Train Control System technology to operate and transporting thousands of people around its network in a diversely populated city with great magnitude of fast growing economy. 2. Comprehensive Literature on Advanced Train Control System (ATCS), Latest System Technology on Train Operation and Top-Level Description of the Docklands Light Railway (DLR) Automatic Train Control (ATC) System The First International conference on Advanced Train Control, which was held in 1991 in Denver, suppliers from different countries of the world attended and demonstrated their technology, products and operating system. Burlington Northern (BN) in conjunction with Rockwell produced the first version of ATCS, known as ARES (Advanced Railroad Electronic System), where they developed satellite navigation system for locating trains on the system. They tested this ARES on BNs Iron Range lines in Northern Minnesota with the purpose to integrate trains information system with central commands and control functions. During year1987 to1993, Canadian National Railways (CN) and Canadian Pacific Rail (CP) made momentous improvements in the development and testing of ATCS. A key component in recuperating safety and productivity of train operations is ATCS technology; it provides better communication, more accurate information on train movement, train location, wayside interfaces and locomotives co ndition. Railways are part of a technological rebellion where sophisticated communications equipment and computer systems are in use to control the movement of train. A main new expansion in train operation is data transmission, which help the train driver and the control centre staff to transmit information directly, by radio and on-board computer. [Edward Furman, Network Management for ATCS Communication System 1991] 2.1 Current Technological Expansions 2.2 Advanced Train Control Systems (ATCS) Bombardier in Europe, Railway Association of Canada (RAC) and American Association of Railroads (AAR) began to explore the viability of a radio-based control system that would get rid of human error in the field of train operations [RAC, AAR, 1984].This development was co funded equally by these companies and several other railway companies, suppliers and consultants from Europe, Canada and the U.S. The main purpose of the project was to develop a modular computer-based train control system that will provide safe and more proficient railway operation. ATCS is state-of-art technology, where it ensures a safe train operation service, train separation, train verifying, the safety and the reliability of all movement establishment issued to train and maintenance staff, and also monitoring all equipment status.[U.S Department of Transport, An Aid to positive Train Control, June, 1995] The main goals of the ATC system are to provide: Ability to implement a system with mechanism from different suppliers, which will reduce problems related to interconnecting and interfacing components from different manufacturers. The ability for each railway to select the capabilities and character it needs to implement. interoperability. System compatibility across the railway to ensure faultless operation and interoperability between different railways. [Federal Rail road Administration, 1995] The Advanced Train Control Systems 5 major systems i) Central Dispatch System (CDS): CDS manage the movement of trains all over the railway networks and ensure safe operation without train delays and it also provides automatic train tracking and monitoring, status and control of the train and the field system. ii) The On-Board Locomotive System with two major sub-systems: On-Board Computer (OBC): OBC provides automatic location tracking and automatic transmission of train movement via the data communication system. On-Board Display Terminal (OBT): On-Board Display Terminal display and provides all the necessary information for example; actual train speed, speed limits and restrictions, train location, milepost, track geometry, type of authority, track work protection, and status of switches. The display of the information can be presented in text form or in graphical form depending on type of terminals. iii) On-Board Work Vehicle System: The on-board terminal allows communication between track maintenance staff, central dispatch and vehicles operator via data communications system. iv) Field System: Wayside Interface Units (WIU) are essential equipments in the field system, which provide monitoring and control of wayside devices for example; switches, interlocking, hot-bearing detector and train defect detectors. v) Data Communication System: DCS gather the various information processing systems collectively and considerably reduce voice communications. [George Achakji, March, 1992] 2.3 Data Communication System Data Communications System is based on 5 levels of information dispensation: i) Continental level: Continental level provides the functions that are obligatory for inter-railway operations. For example, transferring waybill. ii) Railway level: Railway level provides the functions which are compulsory for train operations and also for non vital management of train operations. iii) Regional level: Regional level provides operations across dispatch regions, from one dispatch centre to another. iv) Dispatch level: Dispatch level is a central control function for train control. It can communicate with vital or non-vital information and it is also necessitate for this level to communicating of vital information to and from trains, track forces, switches, and other wayside equipments. v) Wayside/mobile level: Wayside/mobile level provides both vital and non-vital processing of locomotive data, track units, and wayside devices; and communications information between trains, wayside and track forces. [George Achakji, Advanced railroad Electronic system, January, 1991] 2.4 Advanced Railroad Electronics System (ARES) The exertion on ARES began in 1984, when The Rockwell International and The Burlington Northern (BN) began to study new technologies that provide automatic identification of train speed and position. Initial tests conducted by The Rockwell International and they demonstrated that GPS could successfully track moving trains. ARES is an integrated command, control, communications, and information system which applies modern avionics technology to railway operations. Its design objectives were similar to those of ATCS, for example, safety and the efficiency of railway operations. In year of 1985, these two companies started to develop a prototype system to determine the production feasibility of this conception. In the year of 1987, Burlington Northern starts their expedition with 17 locomotives, 8 switchers with ARES hardware and GPS receivers, 50 WIU (wayside interface units), two high-rail trains with GPS system on the Mesabi Iron Range [230 mile test track] in Northern Minnesota. The ir prototypes testing began in parallel with the existing control system in 1988 and lasted for four year and the company (BN) reported that good results were obtained. [George Achakji, Advance Railroad Electronic System January 1991] Advanced Railroad Electronics Systems are consists of the following integrated sub-systems: I) data management ii) rail operations control iii) locomotive analysis and reporting IV) on-board display v) energy management and VI) wayside interface. The ARES also has the capabilities for advanced traffic arrangement. The system provides direct dispatcher intervention in hazardous traffic situations, i.e., stopping the train by remote intervention [switch] which can be easily activated from the central dispatch office. During the testing period [ARES] BN and Rockwell had some problem using GPS to achieve high accuracy of train position on parallel track. In an effort to correct the problem of parallel track, BN and Rockwell explored the possible use of real-time differential GPS in terminals and also used others methods to provide more accurate positioning inputs, for example, using transponders for trains approaching switches and sidings. [George Achakji, Advanced railroad Electronic system, ARES, January, 1991] 2.5 Incremental Train Control System (ITCS) On of the vital communications-based train control system is Incremental Train Control System (ITCS) where the system utilize digital data link between the wayside and on-board train location system and it also perform the requirement for traffic control functions. The ITCS provides enforcement of signal indications, speed limits, temporary speed restrictions, and advanced start of crossing signals. This system is developed by Harmon Industry for Amtrak in Michigan. [Peter Winter, ETCS system, 1995] The Incremental Train Control System consists of 3 main sections: i) The locomotive equipment: This locomotive equipment consists of On-Board Computer (OBC), display screen, GPS receiver and mobile communication package. ii) The wayside equipment: This wayside equipment consists of Wayside Interface Units (WIU) and Wayside Interface Unit-servers (WIU-S) (WIU-S are the interface with the signal system), crossing signals and defect detectors. iii) The communications network: This network consists of wayside local area networks (WLAN). This also use spread range radio, so it can link WIU with WIU-servers and radio frequency (RF) networks in the UHF range to link WIU-s with On-Board Computer. Incremental Train Control System is supplemented by ATC or automatic train stop systems. During its normal train operation, the train driver are accountable for observing each signal feature and control the train accordingly the speed limits and restrictions and also stop the train where a stop is necessary. ITCS is responsible for monitoring the signal system and ensure that the train is properly controlled with the speed limits, speed restrictions, and stopping, not maintain these parameters in that case ITCS will automatically apply the breaks to stop the train.[Christian Tietze, ICEs On-Board Train Control and Diagnostics System, 1994] Incremental Train Control System is also known as a distributed control system, not like the ATCS architecture which is a central control system. The On-Board Computer (OBC) store the data from signal indications, track curvature, speed limits, mileposts, speed restrictions, and the locations of all the devices which are needed to communicate with the train. The OBC is also works on the train status report with the help of wayside devices. If three status reports are missed, the OBC will automatically apply the train brakes. The OBC monitors the location of the train with the help of GPS data and compared the track data base. After receiving a signal indicator it determines the appropriate speed of that track. The OBC also calculates a braking outline for the train and display the necessary information on the display screen. In the events of track crossing the OBC will calculate and issue a time to crossing (TTC) to the wayside interface units (WIU). The WIU will synchronize train start timer with the OBC and will confirm that start time. If the train speed exceeds the initial speed, the OBC will calculate and issue a new TTC to the WIU. If the OBC still cannot receive any confirmation that the crossing timer has been began with the correct value, in that case it will demand that train speed to be reduced. In the event of private crossings, the OBC will observe the status and warning system through update messages from the Wayside Interface Units-Server (WIU-S). If the OBC does not receive a message indicating the warning sign is active, in that case train speed will be reduced. Most of the operation manual of ITCS is very close to a conventional ATC. [Christian Tietze, ICEs On-Board Train Control and Diagnostics System, 1994] 2.6 Positive Train Separation (PTS) System The Positive Train Separation (PTS) System is a non-vital safety overlay system. PTS functions in combination with the active operation methods, signal and train control system. This PTS system was first designed for the Union Pacific/Burlington Northern Santa Fe (UP/BNSF) Railroads and state of Washington to Portland Oregon railroads. The PTS system is measured as an add-on system that enhances safety by protecting against all human errors. PTS system is centrally controlled communications-based system, which takes control of movement ability and speed limits of the equipped trains. It is also translucent to the train driver as long as the train is operated according to its movement ability and speed requirement. It will become apparent if the train attempt to exceed its speed limit and movement authority, PTS will issue a warning sound alarm to the train driver and the brakes will be applied if the train driver does not brought the train under control immediately. [Ted Giros, Amtrak Tests Cab Signalling, July 1996] The PTS system consists of 3 following segments: I) The server: This segment confirm the enforceable movement authority and speed limit, trains identification, destination for each train under the PTS control and digitally transmit this information with the help of communication network to the locomotive segment of each equipped train. It also monitors all train movements to prevent conflict. ii) Locomotive: This segment is consists of an On-Board Computer (OBC) and a location determination System (LDS), a mobile radio and a display unit, where train staff can receive textual information. The OBC calculates and constantly updates information about authority limits and speed limits and applies breaks if the authority limits are exceeded. It also calculates the distance required to stop the train. iii) The Communication Segment: Communication segment gather and transmit all information with high reliability between the server and locomotive during the train operations. [Railway Age, May 1997] 2.6.1 Positive Train Control (PTC) System PTS is also a centrally controlled communications-based system. Its software is written in conformance with ATCS stipulation. The purpose of the PTC design is the removal of wayside block signal systems and the management train movements, for example; speed enforcement, enforcement of limits of the authority, protection of maintenance-of-way employees and work vehicles and also monitoring of highway-rail grade crossing.[W Moore Ede, Communications-Based Train Control, May 1997] The Positive Train Control system has 3 main sections: I) Office Equipment: The office equipments are consists of Computer-Aided Dispatching System (CAD), PTC Interface Computer (IC) and a protocol converter to interface with CAD, IC and data communication system. ii) The Data Communications System: This system is consists of 3 interconnected networks: a) Ground Network b) Radio Frequency link Network c) User Network The ground network is consist of cluster controller(CC), base communications package(BCP), message processing nodes, microwave channels, telephone circuits, fibre-optic links and modem to connect the nodes. The Radio Frequency (RF) link is consists of base, mobile radio and radio communication channels. The User Network is consists of all application software within each field device. iii) The Field Equipments: The field equipment is consists of mobile communication packages (MCPS), locomotives and wayside interface units (WIU). During an emergency brake application in normal routing operations, the system automatically transmits an emergency message that will invalidate the limits of authority of the other trains in the surrounding area. The PTC system carries out safety critical data through digital data communication system between Interface Computer (IC) and it self for the train locations, trains preset time and devices for highway-rail grade crossing. In PTC the higher priority data message is an emergency message which occurs due to trains emergency brake application. The PTC system has designed in such a way where failure of an emergency data message will not create any unsafe condition. [Railway Age, Washington may 1997] PTC also uses transponders in the following critical areas: a) during approaching to PTC-equipped territory, b) during the entrance of PTC territory and c) during approach to a controlled point within PTC territory. This transponder provides exact train location and routing determination. When an equipped train passes the transponders to move towards PTC-equipped territory, the system initialize the On-Board Computer (OBC) and set the tachometer to zero for location determination. The equipped train does not enter in to the PTC territory if the OBC cannot be initialized. [R Lindsey, Communication- Based train Management, May 1997] 2.7 European Train Control System (ETCS) The European Union (EU) has adapted a railway network system to overcome the major problems in the field of technical operating system, multiplicity of signalling and train control systems. In 1991 nine foremost European railway companies of the signalling industry reached an agreement with EU to develop a new train control system, which is now known as European train Control System (ETCS). ETCS has the ability to perform in combination with all the existing tracks and wayside equipment under the train protection and train control systems. [R. Ford, 1996] The ETCS is designed to congregate wide series of operational requirements. The capability of ETCS are provided in three levels a) Level 1: The new ETCS interfaces can meet the terms with the existing system. ETCS can also provide a basic Automatic Train Protection (ATP) capability combination with the conventional wayside signals. B) Level 2: This level has the option of speed data display for automatic train speed control. New Cab signalling system is also been added up to ATP capability. But still the trains can be driven by wayside signals equipment and it can also determine the train location with help of tracks fixed equipments and track circuits. c) Level 3: Train location and train integrity detection can be utilize with the help of transponders on the track (same as in ATCS). This system eliminates the need of track circuits and other detection techniques. In this level, the system incessantly provides an update of train location and also transmits the signalling information to all trains to ensure a safe separation. Level 3 ETCS is also capable of moving block signalling to maximize line capacity. One of the main goals behind the ETCS design is to develop common display units which can be easily understood by the all drivers across the boundaries of different European countries. The ETCS operates frequency range in 900 MHZ using data radio transmission called Euradio. This Euradio transmit encoded data in digital form with vital safety signalling standards. Each operational train does constant radio contact with a central computer. This central computer is responsible for controlling the trains movement and safe separation . [R.Ford, Railway Technology International, 1996] 2.7.1 Train a Grande Vitesse (TGV) Train Control System TGV (train grande vitesse) is French high-speed train, which has no wayside signals. SNCF (French National Railways) has determined that for a safe train operation track side signals, cab signalling system and on- board equipment with reliable advance information (road status) are vital to the operator. These requirements led to the development of an ATC system. There are two generations of ATC systems are in use on the TGV network system. Both these systems are significant for continuous link between the train and the track. [George Achakji, TGV System Development, 1992] TVM 300 is the first generation TVM. This TVM uses wired logic and has the following performance levels: at speed of 270 km/h with 5 min headway on the SE Line (in 1981) and at speed of 300 km/h with 4 min headway on the Atlantic Line (in 1989). [George Achakji, TGV System Development, 1992] TVM 430 is the second generation TVM This TVM is a fully-digitized system and it also design to companionable with all versions ground equipment. The TVM 430 is designed to have the following performance levels: at speed of 320 km/h with 3 min headway on the North Line and a mixed traffic with 2.5 min headway in the Channel Link which connects Paris -London-Brussels operation route. The TVM 430 based on a real-time, fault-tolerant architecture. To establish the safety requirements and all other techniques are based either on the intrinsic features of certain components, or on hardware or functional dismissal. [George Achakji, TGV System Development, 1992] The TGV has an on-board data transmission network called TORNAD. It has the facility to communicate between 18 computers (single-unit) and 36 multi-unit computers. The TORNAD has the following main functions: controlling, monitoring, and regulating of equipment; and carrying out the information exchanges for operation and maintenance. [George Achakji, TGV System Development, 1992] TGV has built with an automatic braking system. It stops the train when the driver exceeds the speed limit. During operation period, the brakes are monitored in the region of once a minute, and their status is indicated to the train drivers OBC screen. If the train driver exceeds the maximum speed limit which is permitted by the system, than the automatic train stop system instigate an emergency braking action [George Achakji, TGV System Development, 1992] 2.7.2 Advanced Control System Advance control system for train communication is an incorporated command, control and communication system. It is also known as ASTREE system. It was developed by the Socià ©tà © National des Chemins de Fer (SNCF), for train operations and for the railway network management. The ASTREE system offers computerized real-time control of train movement, with the help of radio telephone communication between a central control and onboard microprocessors. This system provides train position and location modification, ground-train transmission (known as data and voice transmission), switch control, monitoring and interlocking, automatic vehicle identification, train consist acquisition, and train integrity checking.[36] ASTREE system does not put any strong command for safety requested from the communications mechanism because in this system every train is equipped with location and communication capability equipment. During the train operation the trains location can be adjust with passive microwave tags (same as the ATCS track transponders, SNCF has new identification tags, capability to read train speed at 400km/h) through an on-board interrogator and the train constantly knows its own position and speed limit according to authority restrictions. [George Achakji, High-Speed Train, TGV system Development, March 1992]. 2.7.3 German InterCity Express (ICE) System The German InterCity Express (ICE) System is one of the state of-art train operation system set with locomotive at each train coaches. This system implements a sophisticated integrated data transmission system network, which imposes with traction control and also interacts with the each coaches control system. ICE System network uses fibre-optic cable to transmit data for trains diagnostic systems, real-time processing, and block maintenance and also for on-board passenger information and amusement. Using of fibre-optic is the best method for train-bus communication, because it is technically more effective and much more economical. [Christian Tietze, ICEs Onboard Train Control and Diagnostics System, 1994] ICEs electronic control and supervision devices are divided into 4 subsystem levels: I) Train operation level: Train engineers inputs resolute command during train operation from Automatic Train Control (ATC) wayside and Automatic Train Protection ATP) devices. ii) Train control level: This level handles trains automatic driving and braking and traction effort with the help of closed-loop control. iii) Vehicle control level: The vehicle control level has resulting redundancy for the train bus fibre-optic interface and the train control, for example, power car (locomotive) and the train coach. Central diagnosis device on the locomotive called the David monitors and stores all functions and malfunctions. It also checks trains equipment at the beginning of operation. The train controller unit on the trailer coaches called the Zeus. Zeus controls diagnosis and co-ordinates functions for each car. After receiving data from the train levels, it distributes this information to the subsystem level. iii) Subsystem level: The subsystem level includes propulsion control, brake control, auxiliary control, door control, and air conditioning control devices of the train. [Christian Tietze, ICEs Onboard Train Control and Diagnostics System, 1994] 2.8 Intermittent Cab Signalling (ICS) Cab signalling technology has been available and in use for many years. In 1979 it was first established on the Swedish State Railway (SJ X2000) for high-speed train operations. Its function has been proven both in European and North American railways. In the recent years, supplementary developments were undertaken by various railway companies. In U.S.A, Amtrak has tested an intermittent cab signalling system for the future advanced civil speed enforcement system (ACSES). In their signalling design, the system can operates independently and it can also be integrated with existing train control systems. It has the capabilities for enforcement of train speed limits and the automatic stop command by applying the trains breaking system (calculates and compares by trains on-board computer). This system also uses separate passive radio frequency transponders to provide the required data to a passing train. [Ted Giras, Amtrak Tests Cab Signalling, July 1996] 2.9 Docklands Light Railway (DLR) System Overview The Dockland light Railway (DLR) system outline is shown in Figure 1-1. The system comprises existing connection from Bank (BAN) to Canary Wharf (CAW), Tower Gateway (TOG), Stratford (STR) and Lewisham (LEW), Beckton (BEC), as well as a new line to the King George V (KGV) station. This automated system consists of approximately 27 km of double track, except between station Bowchurch (BOC) and Stratford, where section of single track exist. There are two manual deports, which are located at Poplar (POP) and Beckton (BEC).Alcatel Canada provided SELTRAC system, a transmission based signalling system for DLR. Conventional signalling follows the fixed block principle, where tracks are divided into section (blocks) of a prearranged length. A train is only authorized to carry on into a block when that block and the next are clear of traffic. To achieve the closer headway and system flexibility demanded by urban transit, shorter and more numerous blocks are needed in affixed block system. An adaptation of the system known as SELTRAC was developed and implemented by SELC. The technology was expanded to permit fully driverless operation in high capacity (i.e. passenger) application for the cities of Vancouver, Toronto and Detroit for Light rapid transit systems. Over the years these systems have demonstrated high availability and superior operating flexibility. SELTRAC has provided several operation modes including fully automatic known as Automatic train Operation Function (driverless) and Automatic Train Protection function (ATP) Manual. SELTRAC is based on the moving block principle, in which the safe separation behind the proceeding train is dynamically calculated based on the actual operating speeds, breaking curves and locations of the trains on guide way. This dynamic method allows shorter headways to be achieved without impinging on safety principles. With the SELTRAC system, all DLR Automatic Train Operation (ATO), Automatic Train Protection (ATP), and Automatic Train Supervision (ATS) function are performed with a minimum of wayside hardware. Checked-redundant centralised computers are in continues cyclic two-way communication with vehicle-borne, checked-redundant microprocessor control component. DLR major departure from conventional signalling is the centralisation of route

Older Than America Essay

1. Film Information: The title of film we watched this week is Older than America. The lead actors and actresses are Adam Beach, Tantoo Cardinal, Bradley Cooper Georgina Lightning, Bradley Cooper, and Tantoo Cardinal. movie was released Oct 12, 2010 by the IFC Films studio. The length of the film is about one hundred minutes. The film genre is trying to expose the history with horror atmosphere. The director of the film is Georgina Lightning . 2. Brief summary: A woman’s haunting visions reveal a Catholic priest’s sinister plot to silence Rain’s mother from speaking the truth about the atrocities that took place at her Native American boarding school. The story along with her daughter, Rain haunted by visions that led to her own mother’s forced institutionalization. The film mixes the true story of the US’s forced boarding of Native American children, subjecting them to a wide variety of abuses. The film is not that easy to follow up because it started with some suspension and wired dreams at the beginning. As the story goes along, more and more clues reveal. It is hard to believe what the boarding school did to Native American kids based on my perception to boarding school. The film has enough twists and turns to keep my attentions while watching it. 3. Identify the main problem(s) or issue(s) addressed in the film: The problem is mainly addressed in boarding school. They remove children from the influence of their families and culture and assimilate them into the dominant Canadian culture. Father Bartoli paralyzed Rain’s mother in order to hide the truth about atrocities in boarding school. The Native American kids were beaten, whipped, raped and killed in the school. Later on, Father Bartoli also tried to convince Auntie Apple to keep Rain in captivity in order to stop memorizing the truth from the past. Rain was somehow rescued from tying up her hands by a spiritual guy who is her classmate in boarding school. She intellectually escaped from the room when the cleaner opened the door. Rain and Jonny decided to discover the truth in the mysterious cellar. After Father Bartoli knew Rain had escaped, he decided to go to cellar to kill her. Finally, Rain collected all the clues and memorized all the things happened in boarding school. Father Batoli was tangled up with all the lost soul who were abused and died under his hands. He got punished. 4. Main characters review: The main characters are Jonny, Rain, Luke, and Father Batoli. Director and co-writer Lightning also plays Rain, the lead role in Older Than America. Rain lives with her police officer boyfriend Johnny (Adam Beach) in snowy, rural Minnesota. Adom Beach plays her boyfriend. Luke (Bradley Cooper) is a government geologist investigating reports of a recent earthquake on his own time; Steve Klamath (Glen Gould) has returned home to run for mayor on an anti-development platform, opposing the incumbent, developer Paul Gunderson (Chris Mulkey). I think the actors are good in these roles especially Johnny because I can feel his love to Rain. They play believable roles, but I was confused about those spiritual figures. They are not quite believable, though. Those children in the board school make me sympathetic. There is no â€Å"Hollywood stereotypes†. 5. Portrayal of authority: Father Bartoli is a typical guy who has authority in religious figures. He is a priest minister who controls all the regulations in boarding school. Auntie Apple (Tantoo Cardinal), who raised Rain, leans heavily upon local Catholic priest Father Bartoli (Steve Yoakum). The two of them shake their heads disapprovingly when Rain and Johnny do not immediately agree to having a Catholic marriage ceremony. The boarding school is a nightmare to Native American children. Priests tried to remove their identity and assimilated them into American culture. I dislike Father Bartoli. He did not only a lot of bad things to the Native American children but also silenced Rain and her mother to erase the past crimes. 6. Discuss the role of gender in the film: The major players are not predominantly of one sex. Johnny has the subordinate role. I think Women and men are not drawn as variations of stereotypes. Rain plays a kindergarten teacher. She is portrayed as a perceptual and strong Native American woman. She cares about her mother very much. The matriarchal female roles are not recognized in the film. Jonny is her husband. He loves Rain very much, too. He cares about everything regarding Rain including family. He behaved anxious and crazy when Rain is disappeared. 7. Discuss the role of class and nation: I did not see any characters do anything for living. Jonny works in police office and Rain works in kindergarten. They seem pretty knowledgeable about their work, and they valued for what they do. There is no very obvious class hierarchy in the film. They are all kind of middle class people in modern society. The film did not spend a lot of attention to portray the poor. 8. Discuss the identity of the Native/tribal/ethnic groups portrayed in the film: I did not really often hear the Native American characters mention something about their identity, but I can feel the sense of strong ethnic tie between real physical characters and those spiritual characters. The souls are the things make this film so special to us. Those souls imply some sort of spiritual culture to Native American. Although they are already died, they still got together and help their companions or ethic group to get through the obstacles. They are likely to be seen in Native Americans’ perspective. The relationship between them is really subtle but meaningful. The live characters try to expose the truth hidden in the boarding school whereas the spiritual characters keep helping them get through the crises. They somehow interact with each other and make the whole story looks reasonable. It is pretty interesting and makes audience want to watch it. The movie really empathizes with the identity issues although the ethnic characters are not actually from the portrayed ethnic group because basically the film tells the repulsive atrocities and assimilation behind the boarding school back 1900s. It wants to remind Native American audiences to recognize the history and do not lose the cultural identity no matter what. 9. How are social and familial relationships portrayed: Throughout the film, Native Americans always have a strong family tie and hold together. In the film, I can feel Rain really loves his mother. She takes care of her a lot even she has got some mental issues. She is also really respecting her mother because she comes to her mother and tells her mother every decision she is going to make. In modern days, she still inherits a lot of traditional Native American woman’s traits. Those spiritual figures also give us a strong background of ethnic sense. They have a connection with Rain to keep reminding her past, and they help her to find the clues of the truth and get her through crisis. Jonny is a good and reliable boyfriend, too. He also really loves Rain. He is sharing of confidences with her and giving care to her when Rain faced up difficulties. I am able to relate to the familial roles and experiences in the film because film makes it really touch my heart. 10. Language: There are few scenes that other language other than English spoken in the film. It is used effectively. The boy spoke Native American language when the teacher forced them to declare to be Americans in the classroom. He did not want to lose his own culture identity. The use of another language bears a lot value to the film. It exposed the atrocities in boarding school. You would be beaten to death even if you say an Indian word. It set off the inhuman behaviors they did to every Native American child in boarding school. It is ironic that person who actually behaves a savage wants to civilize Native Americans, they called â€Å"savage†. 11. Personal likes and dislikes: This movie really is not a view of life in boarding schools, per se. I don’t believe it was intended to be. It is a metaphor for the effects still felt today by nearly all Native Americans here in the U. S. The movie â€Å"is† a period place. All of the issues that the story touches base on are those that Natives all over Indian Country are dealing with today. It is not the direct reflection of one single reason why Natives today face the afflictions of poverty, alcoholism, abuse, unemployment, illiteracy, and loss of identity as a culture, but the culmination of many. Forced attendance into an institution specifically designed to strip away everything it means to be â€Å"Indian† just so happens to be the primary area of focus in this film. The sub-plots add depth to the characters as well as much needed comic relief. Even though this film is classified as a drama, it should be shown in every history class across the United States. 12. Research connection: The story of American Indian boarding schools needs to be told. In the past Indian children were taken from their parents, often forcibly, and put into highly- regimented schools designed to eradicate all signs of their â€Å"savagery. † Use of Indian languages in these schools was forbidden and harshly punished. This movie probably should have been a â€Å"period place† showing the experiences of an Indian child thrust into the soul-killing world of the boarding school. Perhaps it was feared this approach would limit the size of the audience. In any case we get a modern-day story, set in northern Minnesota, in which a boarding school is glimpsed only occasionally in brief flashbacks. Surrounding these flashbacks lie a plot cluttered with a bewildering number of elements: the arrogance of the Catholic Church, shock treatments, commercial development of sacred Indian lands, an election for mayor pitting a white man against a red man, gambling casinos, a love story, hallucinations and visions, family secrets leading to tensions.